The extralist-feature effect: Evidence against item matching in short-term recognition memory.

Mewhort, D. J. K.; Johns, Elizabeth E.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.2.262

Cited by 50 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…The apparent asymmetry between pooled match and separate mismatches is, however, consistent with functional accounts of the different subregions of the hippocampus (Kumaran & Maguire, 2009) and with results in other memory domains in which match and mismatch information are tracked separately, such as short-term recognition (Mewhort & Johns, 2000) and categorization (Tversky, 1977;Stewart & Brown, 2005). It is also in line with likelihood-based models of memory which, in contrast to strength models, give different weight to match and mismatch information (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997;McClelland & Chappell, 1998).…”

Section: What Is Associative Retrieval?supporting

confidence: 82%

Parallel interactive retrieval of item and associative information from event memory

Cox

Criss

2017

Cognitive Psychology

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Memory contains information about individual events (items) and combinations of events (associations). Despite the fundamental importance of this distinction, it remains unclear exactly how these two kinds of information are stored and whether different processes are used to retrieve them. We use both model-independent qualitative properties of response dynamics and quantitative modeling of individuals to address these issues. Item and associative information are not independent and they are retrieved concurrently via interacting processes. During retrieval, matching item and associative information mutually facilitate one another to yield an amplified holistic signal. Modeling of individuals suggests that this kind of facilitation between item and associative retrieval is a ubiquitous feature of human memory.

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Section: What Is Associative Retrieval?supporting

confidence: 82%

Parallel interactive retrieval of item and associative information from event memory

Cox

Criss

2017

Cognitive Psychology

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“…That required only the detection of a new color (similar to an extra-list feature; see Mewhort & Johns, 2000), not a new color/location combination. Research by Wheeler and Treisman (2002) confirms that the need to retain the binding between two different features increases difficulty in this sort of task.…”

Section: Means and Age Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes

Cowan

Elliott

Saults

et al. 2005

Cognitive Psychology

956

1,051

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Working memory (WM) is the set of mental processes holding limited information in a temporarily accessible state in service of cognition. We provide a theoretical framework to understand the relation between WM and aptitude measures. The WM measures that have yielded high correlations with aptitudes include separate storage and processing task components, on the assumption that WM involves both storage and processing. We argue that the critical aspect of successful WM measures is that rehearsal and grouping processes are prevented, allowing a clearer estimate of how many separate chunks of information the focus of attention circumscribes at once. Storage-and-processing tasks correlate with aptitudes, according to this view, largely because the processing task prevents rehearsal and grouping of items to be recalled. In a developmental study, we document that several scope-of-attention measures that do not include a separate processing component, but nevertheless prevent efficient rehearsal or grouping, also correlate well with aptitudes and with storage-andprocessing measures. So does digit span in children too young to rehearse. Keywordsworking memory; short-term memory; individual differences; variation in working memory; cholastic abilities; intellectual abilities; attention; capacity; storage capacity Baddeley and Hitch (1974) highlighted a key theoretical construct, working memory (WM), which can be described generally as the set of mechanisms capable of retaining a small amount of information in an active state for use in ongoing cognitive tasks (though it now means Research on WM suggests that the measures used most often to examine individual differences have both strengths and weaknesses. A main type of strength is their strong correlation with intellectual aptitude tests, and a main type of weakness is the difficulty encountered in analyzing and interpreting WM test results. This difficulty stems largely from the reliance on dual tasks in the measurement of WM capacity (which include separate storage and processing task components). We will argue that the research literature provides hints that the strengths can be retained without using storage-and-processing measures. We will offer a theoretical framework for doing so, and for measuring WM in a more meaningful way than is found with current measurement practices. The theoretical framework is based on the notion of an adjustable attentional focus and on measures of the storage capacity of attention or its scope. The predictions tested in the present article pertain to the scope of attention, whereas the adjustable nature of the focus allows consistency with other highly relevant research (e.g., Kane, Bleckley, Conway, & Engle, 2001).We do not judge the success of this endeavor by whether storage-and-processing measures or the proposed alternative, scope-of-attention measures, pick up more variance in aptitude tasks.Rather, success will be judged by whether the variance that is picked up contributes to our understanding of the processes underlyi...

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“…We have urged a more fundamental change to the standard approach (Johns & Mewhort, 2002b;Mewhort & Johns, 2000). We believe that subjects assess both familiarity and evidence for contradiction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The traditional view has been challenged by a series of experiments using stimuli that permit one to measure and manipulate the featural overlap among stimulus items (Johns & Mewhort, 2002b;Mewhort & Johns, 2000). In a critical experiment (Mewhort & Johns, 2000, Experiment 3), each study list comprised four items defined by their values on two dimensions: Aa, Ab, Bc, Cc, where A, B, and C represent the values on the first dimension and a, b, and c represent the values on the second.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a critical experiment (Mewhort & Johns, 2000, Experiment 3), each study list comprised four items defined by their values on two dimensions: Aa, Ab, Bc, Cc, where A, B, and C represent the values on the first dimension and a, b, and c represent the values on the second. Mewhort and Johns (2000) compared performance on two types of negative probe, Ax and Bb, where x represents a value not present in the study list. Both types of negative probe overlap two items in the study set by one feature each; the Ax item overlaps the Aa and Ab items while the Bb item overlaps the Bc and Ab items.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The effect of feature frequency on short-term recognition memory

Johns

Mewhort

2003

Memory & Cognition

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We report two experiments using Sternberg's (1969) multitrial recognition-memory paradigm. We used colored shapes as stimuli and manipulated the frequency of the shapes (but not of the colors) across trials. For lures containing an extralist shape (i.e., a shape not studied in the current study list), responses were faster if the shape had occurred infrequently than if it had occurred frequently in the preceding trials. For lures containing an extralist color and a studied shape, by contrast, the frequency of the shape in the preceding trials was irrelevant. We conclude that correct rejections depend solely on contradictory evidence. Furthermore, low-frequency target items were recognized more easily than high-frequency targets.Both the interaction of frequency with the features of the lures and the main effect of frequency for the targets are problematic for current accounts of recognition.

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The extralist-feature effect: Evidence against item matching in short-term recognition memory.

Cited by 50 publications

References 34 publications

Parallel interactive retrieval of item and associative information from event memory

Parallel interactive retrieval of item and associative information from event memory

On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes

The effect of feature frequency on short-term recognition memory

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