The Extracellular Fluid Volume in Infants and Children

Friis-Hansen, B

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1954.tb04052.x

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although caloric needs, total body water, and extracellular water correlate more closely to BSA than body weight in children, differences are minor. 12,13 Therefore, either weight or BSA could provide a standard means to estimate liver function, as well as size, before resection or transplantation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults

Vauthey¹

2002

Liver Transplantation

544

436

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Computed tomography (CT) is used increasingly to measure liver volume in patients undergoing evaluation for transplantation or resection. This study is designed to determine a formula predicting total liver volume (TLV) based on body surface area (BSA) or body weight in Western adults. TLV was measured in 292 patients from four Western centers. Liver volumes were calculated from helical computed tomographic scans obtained for conditions unrelated to the hepatobiliary system. BSA was calculated based on height and weight. Each center used a different established method of three-dimensional volume reconstruction. Using regression analysis, measurements were compared, and formulas correlating BSA or body weight to TLV were established. A linear regression formula to estimate TLV based on BSA was obtained: TLV ‫؍‬ I n the past decade, the role of computed tomography (CT) has extended beyond its use for liver imaging to include three-dimensional volumetric measurement before liver transplantation or major hepatic resection. [1][2][3][4] This has been possible because of a close correlation between the volume obtained by three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomographic images and actual liver volume. 5 In a recent Japanese study, a formula that enables calculation of total liver volume (TLV) from body surface area (BSA) was generated after study of CT-based three-dimensional volumetric measurement of livers of children and adults. This formula has been applied to calculate the graft to TLV ratio for living related donor liver transplantation 4,6 and the future liver remnant (FLR) to TLV ratio before liver resection. 2 However, the formula has not gained general acceptance at Western centers, and its accuracy has been questioned because of Western autopsy measurements that indicate on average a TLV of 323 cm 3 greater than expected based on the Japanese formula. 7 In addition, body weight, rather than BSA, has been used to estimate graft volume before liver transplantation, particularly donorrecipient weight ratio. [8][9][10] However, to our knowledge, the correlation between body weight and TLV has not been evaluated.In addition to the issue of liver size match, the goal of preoperative liver volume estimation is to estimate hepatic metabolic demands of an individual patient. 11 Thus, a method that estimates appropriate volume based on patient characteristics (e.g., patient weight or BSA) in combination with a measure of liver volume (by CT) is desirable. Although caloric needs, total body water, and extracellular water correlate more closely to BSA than body weight in children, differences are minor. 12,13 Therefore, either weight or BSA could provide a standard means to estimate liver function, as well as size, before resection or transplantation.We designed a multicenter study to evaluate the correlation between TLV and BSA or body weight in Western patients with normal livers who underwent CT for conditions unrelated to the hepatobiliary system. The newly derived formula based on BSA then was

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confidence: 99%

Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults

Vauthey¹

2002

Liver Transplantation

544

436

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“…The comparative increase in the volume of distribution in the pediatric patients might be the result of the lower plasma protein binding (17) and the relatively larger extracellular space in this age group (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In all cases a weighting factor of 1/observed concentrations was applied. A mean renal clearance during the time interval 0 to 12 h after administration was calculated from equation 6: CIT = AUCT12 (6) where X, represents the amount of ceftriaxone excreted during the 12-h collection interval and AUCa12 is the area under the total drug concentration time curve for the same time interval.…”

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Single-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in infants and young children

Schaad¹,

Stoeckel²

1982

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone were studied in five infants (7 to 15 months old) and five young children (24 to 70 months old). Both groups received a single 50-mg/kg dose in an intravenous infusion over 5 min. No major pharmacokinetic differences were observed between the two populations. The total (bound plus unbound) plasma concentration-versus-time data could be described in each case by a biexponential equation. Changes in renal clearance indicated time-and dosedependent pharmacokinetic behavior. The fraction excreted unchanged in the urine (ft) and the biological half-life (t1/2(p)) were, however, dose independent. The average values were 47% forf f(0 to 12 h) and 6.5 h for tl/2(p). Weight-corrected total systemic clearance was Cl5 = 0.71 ml/min per kg; volume of distribution was VD(p) = 394 ml/kg. The data support intravenous administration of 50 mg of ceftriaxone per kg of body weight every 12 h in assessing its activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis in postneonatal-stage pediatric patients.

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“…TBW then falls gradually, reaching the adult proportion of 60% by age 6 months. Extracellular fluid (ECF) is about 44% of total body weight at birth, exceeding intracellular fluid (ICF) [25]. This is the opposite of the situation at maturity, when ICF accounts for two thirds of TBW and ECF one third.…”

Section: Establish Renal Function and Fluid Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Management of the surgical newborn: Physiological foundations and practical considerations

Nakayama

2010

Journal of Pediatric Urology

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The Extracellular Fluid Volume in Infants and Children

Cited by 43 publications

References 32 publications

Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults

Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in infants and young children

Management of the surgical newborn: Physiological foundations and practical considerations

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