The Extinction of Startle Responses and Spinal Reflexes in the White Rat

Prosser, C. Ladd; Hunter, Walter S.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1936.117.4.609

Cited by 195 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…The acoustic startle reflex is a defense response consisting of series of muscular contractions that can be elicited in response to a sudden loud stimulus with abrupt onsets (Landis and Hunt, 1939;Prosser and Hunter, 1936). PPI of the startle reflex refers to an attenuation of this startle reflex that occurs when the evoking stimulus is preceded by a non-startling 'prepulse' by approximately 30-500 ms (Graham, 1975;Hoffman and Fleshler, 1963;Ison et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Acute Serotonin and Dopamine Depletion on Prepulse Inhibition and P50 Suppression Measures of Sensorimotor and Sensory Gating in Humans

Mann

Croft

Scholes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Schizophrenia is associated with impairments of sensorimotor and sensory gating as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response and P50 suppression of the auditory event-related potential respectively. While serotonin and dopamine play an important role in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia, their role in modulating PPI and P50 suppression in humans is yet to be fully clarified. To further explore the role of serotonin and dopamine in PPI and P50 suppression, we examined the effects of acute tryptophan depletion (to decrease serotonin) and acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion (to decrease dopamine) on PPI and P50 suppression in healthy human participants. In addition, we also examined for the first time, the effects of simultaneous serotonin and dopamine depletion (ie combined monoamine depletion) on PPI and P50 suppression. The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design in which 16 healthy male participants completed the PPI and P50 paradigms under four acute treatment conditions: (a) balanced/placebo control, (b) acute tryptophan depletion, (c) acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion, and (d) acute tyrosine/ phenylalanine/tryptophan depletion (combined monoamine depletion). Selective depletion of dopamine had no significant effect on either PPI or P50 suppression, whereas selective serotonin depletion significantly disrupted PPI, but not P50 suppression. Finally, the simultaneous depletion of both serotonin and dopamine resulted in significant reduction of both PPI and P50 suppression. We suggest these results can be explained by theories relating to optimal levels of monoaminergic neurotransmission and synergistic interactions between serotonergic and dopaminergic systems for normal 'gating' function. These findings suggest that a dysfunction in both serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission may, in part, be responsible for the gating deficits observed in schizophrenia, and their normalization following administration of atypical antipsychotic drugs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Acute Serotonin and Dopamine Depletion on Prepulse Inhibition and P50 Suppression Measures of Sensorimotor and Sensory Gating in Humans

Mann

Croft

Scholes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Then, the more intense the stimulus, the more repetitions it may take to reach some criterion of unresponsiveness to that stimulus intensity, or the less change may be observed in the probability or amplitude of the response to that stimulus intensity (e.g., Oldfield, 1937;Prosser & Hunter, 1936;Thompson & Spencer, 1966).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the design of previous studies (e.g., Daniseh, 1921;Oldfield, 1937;Prosser & Hunter, 1936;Thompson & Spencer, 1966) the probability of startle of the 120-dB groups at a 120-dB test intensity would simply have been compared with the probability of startle of the 108-dB groups at a 108-dB test intensity. The points representing such a comparison following 300 and 700 habituation trials have been circled for identification in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Startle responsiveness after habituation to different intensities of tone

1968

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“…This suggests that the stimuli are modulating response rates within the on-off cycle. This is important Absolute Magnitude High ----Low 51- since it is well established that abrupt auditory stimuli elicit an unconditioned "startle" response in rats (Fleshler, 1965;Hoffman & Searle, 1968;Prosser & Hunter, 1936;Moyer, 1963 (Fleshler, 1965), it is possible to have a higher response rate in the higher intensity of a stimulus pair. In order to assess this possibility, hour long records of responding were also obtained for each animal in Group 1 using an Esterline Angus Event Recorder.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential Responding Without Differential Reinforcement: Intensity Difference, Continuum Position, and Reinforcement Density Effects

Raslear

1981

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The response rates of five groups of rats were observed during exposure to different intensities of a four kilohertz tone within a two-component multiple schedule of nondifferential reinforcement. Response rates were found to be higher during the multiple schedule component which contained the higher intensity tone. Larger differences in response rates between the two multiple schedule components occurred with greater intensity separations (30 versus 20 decibels). At the 30 decibel separationi a low absolute magnitude produced larger response rate differences than a high absolute magnitude, while at the 20 decibel separation a high absolute magnitude produced larger response rate differences. Increases in reinforcement density were accompanied by decreases in response rate differences between high and low intensity components only when over-all response rates also increased.

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The Extinction of Startle Responses and Spinal Reflexes in the White Rat

Cited by 195 publications

References 0 publications

Differential Effects of Acute Serotonin and Dopamine Depletion on Prepulse Inhibition and P50 Suppression Measures of Sensorimotor and Sensory Gating in Humans

Differential Effects of Acute Serotonin and Dopamine Depletion on Prepulse Inhibition and P50 Suppression Measures of Sensorimotor and Sensory Gating in Humans

Startle responsiveness after habituation to different intensities of tone

Differential Responding Without Differential Reinforcement: Intensity Difference, Continuum Position, and Reinforcement Density Effects

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