The Extent of Nontariff Barriers to Industrial Countries' Imports

Abstract

The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein which are those of the author(s) an.d should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of research supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of t e Bank. The designations employed, the presentation of material, and any maps l : J ; e d in this document are solely for the convenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliates concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its boundaries, or national affiliation.

Barriers of the EAEU Common Market for Foreign Activity of Enterprises

“…тификации их в качестве барьеров, а также сложностью сопоставимости различных видов НТМ . Одним из широко используемых подходов к решению этой задачи стал частотный метод, позволяющий оценить степень распространения нетарифных барьеров на основе информации о барьерах, получаемой от участников внешнеэкономической деятельности или органов государственного управления с помощью опросов, централизованных или интерактивных сборов данных [Nogues et al, 1986;.…”

The Border Labyrinth: Information Technologies and Trade in the Presence of Multiple Agencies

“…14 In a related literature, some studies have explored the effects of non-tariff barriers in general and on specific groups of products on trade and welfare (e.g., Nogués et al, 1986;Leamer, 1990;Harrigan, 1993;Otsuki et al, 2001;Bradford, 2003;Deal et al, 2006;Moenius, 2006;Disdier et al, 2008;Kee et al, 2009;Beghin et al, 2012;and WTO, 2012, for a useful review). 15 Choi (2010) also finds that internet stimulates service trade using a larger sample of countries and a longer time series.…”

Developing Country Trade Policies and Market Access Issues: 1990–2012

“…The analysis relies on frequency ratios as indicators of the existence and scope of protective measures on different products by various countries. The advantages and limitations of frequency ratios as indicators of protection are well understood (Nogues et al 1986;OECD 1997). These ratios are indicators of the extent to which countries resort to particular measures and the proportion of total products in terms of tariff lines or product groups that are affected by such measures, irrespective of the value of the products actually imported.…”

“…These estimates have been obtained from the UNCTAD/World Bank NTM data base.6 Table11suggests that the product groups which is the focus of anti-dumping actions, both in developed and developing countries tend to be somewhat similar and include especially basic metals and chemicals.7 It should be recalled however, as part of the URA and previous negotiations, there were significant reductions in tariffs on horticultural and floricultural products of interest to developing countries.8 Bown's country classification differs from the one presented in this paper as he treats Turkey as a developing country and Korea and Taiwan, China as developed thus making overall comparisons between 'developed' and 'developing' countries' averages difficult.9 Based on the UNCTAD/World Bank NTM data base. It was estimated at 28 percent at the HS 2-digit level inMichalopoulos (2001).10 SeeNogues et al, 1986 andOECD, 1997 on the definition of 'core' non-tariff measures.11 The results of this methodologically innovative study are based on earlier data, tariffs2001- 2004 unfortunately the NTB data used are not reliable (seeMichalopoulos 2001).12 Given that EAC has few formal NTMs, the NTMs reported for Kenya in Table8may well be of the administrative kind reported in the TPR.…”