The expression of GAP43 mRNA during the late embryonic and early postnatal development of the CNS of the rat: an in situ hybridization study

Mahalik, Thomas J.; Carrier, Andrew; Owens, Gregory P.; Clayton, Gerald H.

doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92)90027-t

Cited by 59 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…With SMI 312, immunoreactive fibers are seen in the cerebellum as early as the fifth gestational week, and in the cerebrum at 25 gestational weeks (Ulfig et al, 1998). Considerable work on axonal development has been done in animal models (Chan et al, 1997;Dani et al, 1991;Kogan et al, 2000;Kost et al, 1992;Mahalik et al, 1992;Mikuni et al, 1998). While such models are critical for understanding the relative sequences and mechanisms of axonal growth and maturation, comparisons between axonal development in the white matter of animals and human is difficult, considering the accelerated motor ability of neonatal animals relative to neonatal humans, as well as other important species differences in behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Haynes

Borenstein

DeSilva

et al. 2005

J of Comparative Neurology

187

144

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After completion of neuronal migration to form the cerebral cortex, axons undergo rapid elongation to their intra- and subcortical targets, from midgestation through infancy. We define axonal development in the human parietal white matter in this critical period. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed on 46 normative cases from 20-183 postconceptional (PC) weeks. Anti-SMI 312, a pan-marker of neurofilaments, stained axons as early as 23 weeks. Anti-SMI 32, a marker for nonphosphorylated neurofilament high molecular weight (NFH), primarily stained neuronal cell bodies (cortical, subcortical, and Cajal-Retzius). Anti-SMI 31, which stains phosphorylated NFH, was used as a marker of axonal maturity, and showed relatively low levels of staining (approximately one-fourth of adult levels) from 24-34 PC weeks. GAP-43, a marker of axonal growth and elongation, showed high levels of expression in the white matter from 21-64 PC weeks and lower, adult-like levels beyond 17 postnatal months. The onset of myelination, as seen by myelin basic protein expression, was approximately 54 weeks, with progression to "adult-like" staining by 72-92 PC weeks. This study provides major insight into axonal maturation during a critical period of growth, over an age range not previously examined and one coinciding with the peak period of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the major disorder underlying cerebral palsy in premature infants. These data suggest that immature axons are susceptible to damage in PVL and that the timing of axonal maturation must be considered toward establishing its pathology relative to the oligodendrocyte/myelin/axonal unit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Haynes

Borenstein

DeSilva

et al. 2005

J of Comparative Neurology

187

144

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“…Genes induced during both development and regeneration (LeviMontalcini, 1987;Skene, 1989;Thoenen, 1995) are likely to be involved in axonal growth and synapse formation (Skene, 1989;Gispen et al, 1990). Genes encoding ApoE (Ignatius et al, 1986), growth-associated protein 43 (B50; Skene, 1989;Mahalik et al, 1992), and members of the neurotrophins family and their receptors (reviewed by Snider, 1994;Thoenen, 1995) meet this criterion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Expression of DA11, a neuronal-injury-induced fatty acid binding protein, coincides with axon growth and neuronal differentiation during central nervous system development

et al. 1997

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DA11 is the first fatty acid binding protein (FABP) for which gene expression has been shown to be upregulated following neuronal injury in the adult peripheral nervous system. To understand better the potential regulatory role(s) of this unique FABP in axonal growth and neuronal differentiation, we undertook a temporal and spatial study of DA11 gene expression in the developing rat central nervous system (CNS). Transient upregulation of DA11 mRNA and protein levels in CNS tissues were quantified by Northern blot hybridization and Western immunoblot analyses at different developmental ages. Homogenates of embryonic and neonatal cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, and hippocampal tissues contained 100-fold more DA11 mRNA and protein than corresponding adult tissues. Significant increase in DA11 mRNA was observed as early as embryonic day (E) 14 in cerebral cortex and cerebellum and E19 in brain stem and hippocampus. Postnatal levels of DA11 remained elevated through postnatal day (P) 10 in cerebral cortex, P14 in brain stem and hippocampus, and P20 in cerebellum. Localization of DA11-like immunoreactivity to specific CNS tissues, cell types, and intracellular compartments at P9 revealed a spatial pattern of neuronal expression different than that reported for other FABPs. DA11 protein was detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm, axons, and dendrites of differentiating neurons in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, and olfactory bulb. The strong association of DA11 gene expression with development throughout the CNS suggests that this unique FABP plays an important role in axonal growth and neuronal differentiation in many different neuronal populations.

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“…There are several lines of evidence relating this protein to axonal growth as well as to plasticity. It is produced at high levels in every nerve cell during neurite outgrowth and early stages of synaptogenesis [Skene and Willard, 1981;Mahalik et al, 1992] and represents a major constituent of the isolated growth cone [De Graan et al, 1985;Meiri et al, 1998]. With maturation, its expression is down-regulated by most neurons [Skene, 1989;Benowitz and Perrone-Bizzozero, 1991].…”

Section: Gap-43mentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity-Dependent Plasticity in the Adult Auditory Brainstem

Illing

2001

Audiol Neurotol

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Over the past few years we have studied the plasticity of the adult auditory brainstem in the rat following unilateral changes to the pattern of sensory activation, either by intracochlear electrical stimulation or by deafening. We discovered that modifications to afferent activity induced changes in the molecular composition and cellular morphology throughout the auditory brainstem, including its major centers: the cochlear nucleus complex, the superior olivary complex, and the inferior colliculus. The time window studied ranged from 2 h to over 1 year following induction of changes to afferent activity. The molecular markers employed include the NMDA receptor subunit type 1, the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the immediate early gene products c-Fos, c-Jun and Egr-1, the growth and plasticity-associated protein GAP-43 and its mRNA, the calcium binding protein calbindin, the cell adhesion molecule integrin-α₁, the microtubule-associated protein MAP-1b, and the neurofilament light chain (NF-L). As a consequence of the specific electrical stimulation of the auditory afferents or the loss of hearing, a cascade of events is triggered that apparently modifies the integrative action and computational abilities of the central auditory system. An attempt is made to relate the diverse phenomena observed to a common molecular signaling network that is suspected to bridge sensory experience to changes in the structure and function of the brain. Eventually, a thorough understanding of these events will be essential for the specific diagnosis of patients, optimal timing for implantation, and suitable parameters for running of a cochlear implant or an auditory brainstem implant in humans. In this report an overview of the results obtained in the past years in our lab is presented, flanked by an introduction into the history of plasticity research and a model proposed for intracellular signal cascades related to activity-dependent plasticity.

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The expression of GAP43 mRNA during the late embryonic and early postnatal development of the CNS of the rat: an in situ hybridization study

Cited by 59 publications

References 28 publications

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant

Expression of DA11, a neuronal-injury-induced fatty acid binding protein, coincides with axon growth and neuronal differentiation during central nervous system development

Activity-Dependent Plasticity in the Adult Auditory Brainstem

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