The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth.

Abstract

We studied the impact of maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on birth weight (BW), low birth weight (LBW), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) according to self-reported maternal smoking habits in a sample of 6,866 singleton births. We obtained data about parental characteristics and maternal active smoking (AS) and passive smoking at delivery via maternal questionnaires and medical records. We used three categories of smoking habits (nonsmokers and those who smoked 1-10 or >10 cigarettes per day) and defined ETS exposure as greater than or equal to 5 cigarettes per day smoked by others in the mother's presence. We used multiple regression and logistic regression procedures with adjustment for many associated covariates. We observed a significant reduction of the mean BW in infants of AS mothers. This reduction was only marginal for mothers who stopped smoking after recognizing their pregnancy. ETS exposure in 1,797 of 5,507 nonsmoking mothers reduced the mean BW of their infants by 53 g [95% confidence interval (CI), 24-82 g]. ETS exposure also significantly reduced BW in babies of AS mothers by 92 g (CI, 21-113 g) compared with BW of ETS-nonexposed AS mothers. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of LBW for ETS-exposed AS mothers was two times the LBW risk of ETS-nonexposed AS mothers(2.02; CI, 1.11-3.67); the AOR of ETS-exposed nonsmoking mothers was 1.51 (CI, 1.02-2.26). The AOR of IUGR for this group did not differ from unity (1.08; CI, 0.82-1.43). However, ETS exposure increased the AOR of IUGR for AS mothers from 1.64 (CI, 1.06-2.53) to 2.13 (CI, 1.70-2.67). ETS exposure reduced the BW of infants of nonsmoking mothers and contributed to additional BW reduction in infants of AS mothers. ETS exposure increased the risk of LBW but not that of IUGR in babies of nonsmoking mothers.

A narrative review of medical, chiropractic, and alternative health practices in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea

“…Former research hypothesizes that direct cigarette smoking constricts uterine blood vessels and is a contributing factor in cases of spontaneous abortions or low birth weight infants. 18,19 Direct inhalation or second hand inhalation may threaten a person's long-term health aside from the development of respiratory conditions. Inhalation of second hand smoke was found to increase the occurrence of pelvic pain in nonsmoking, newly wed females with no history of dysmenorrhea.…”

Preterm Birth and/or Factors that Lead to Preterm Delivery: Effects on the Neonatal Kidney

“…In addition, maternal smoking has been identified as a major cause of IUGR in developed countries, contributing to as high as 40% of all cases of IUGR [116]. Smoking causes vascular changes in the mother that can lead to placental insufficiency and hypoxia in the fetus [128]. It has also been associated with the down-regulation of important miRNAs of the placenta, leading to newborns that are small for gestational age [128].…”

“…Smoking causes vascular changes in the mother that can lead to placental insufficiency and hypoxia in the fetus [128]. It has also been associated with the down-regulation of important miRNAs of the placenta, leading to newborns that are small for gestational age [128]. Furthermore, nicotine found in cigarettes has been shown to pass the placenta, thus exerting a direct negative effect on the growth of the fetus [128].…”

“…It has also been associated with the down-regulation of important miRNAs of the placenta, leading to newborns that are small for gestational age [128]. Furthermore, nicotine found in cigarettes has been shown to pass the placenta, thus exerting a direct negative effect on the growth of the fetus [128]. Importantly, Dejmek et al [129] also showed that reduced birth weight in newborns of smoking mothers was dosedependent (that is number of cigarettes smoked per day).…”

Teenage and adult pregnancy: A differential relationship between socio-economic status and smoking

“…A dohányzó szülők gyermekeinél a veleszületett fejlődési rendellenességek száma a nem dohányzó kontrollhoz képest magasabb [21,22]; a magzat méhen belüli fejlődése lelassul, a kihordott újszülöttek súlya kisebb, valamint nagyobb a koraszülések gyakorisága [19,21]. A terhesség késői szakaszaiban is fennálló dohányzás az utódban fellépő viselkedési problémák esélyét is növel-heti.…”