The exploitation, processing and use of softstone in northern Madagascar and its links to the Indian Ocean world, 800–1500 CE

Abstract

From the 9 th to the 16 th century CE, northern Madagascar was settled by the Islamised Rasikajy population who, as active participants in the Indian Ocean Trade Network, quickly started exploiting the various natural resources of the island. Among the most spectacular remains of the Rasikajy are finely decorated lathe-turned tripod vessels made from a particular dark green to gray silicate softstone called chlorite schist, that crops out in the crystalline hinterland. In the course of this project, over 30 quarries were visited, many of them previously unknown. The survey allowed a detailed look into the production line and operation of the quarries, which is very similar throughout the sites. However, local differences were still observed and suggest that while the vessel production followed a common technological tradition, it can not be considered as a standardised procedure. A unique feature of the production line is the use of an iron bar for the shaping of preforms, which has not been recorded elsewhere in the world and highlights the particularity of this Malagasy tradition.The petrographic study on a vast array of quarry samples and geological material with petrographic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction allowed the characterisation of the material. Chlorite schist, a faulty petrographic name for a type of rock which should be called Hoesbachite or Amphibole-Talc-Chlorite Fels after modern standards, is a unique metacumulate that was metasomatised into an amphibole-and talc-rich softstone, which occurs in a single geological unit called Manambato Suite. Zircon dating revealed an emplacement age between 750-700 Ma for the quarried occurrences and recorded Pan-African metamorphism around 500 Ma ago. The metasomatic processes responsible for the formation of chlorite schist resulted in a high compositional variation that can occur on a quarry scale. Rasikajy workers were aware of this and ensured their specific material choice by testing the rocks in the quarries, resulting in a homogenous compositional array for the material used for vessel production. The detailed geological processes behind the compositional variation on a quarry scale are also crucial for other, more commonly used softstones such as steatites, and should be considered for any provenance attempt on these materials.In an attempt to refine the knowledge on the styles and particularities of the finished vessels, different stylistic groups were distinguished for the first time. In addition to the remarkable tripod vessels that were produced in the studied quarries, a second group of feet-less bowls made from talc schist was identified. This group, which was most likely produced in a second and older quarry zone south of the Bay of Antongil, is a rare find in the Malagasy archaeological record, but dominates the softstone inventory of Démbeni, an important trading port on ii Mayotte that was active in the late first millennium CE. The results from this study largely expand the history of softstone exploitation in northern Ma...