The exploitation of microorganisms in the developing countries of the tropics

Jones, Keithly; Westby, A.; Reilly, Peter J.; Jeger, M.J.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1532-2_14

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The source of the problem is apparently twofold: (i) getting the message across to farmers concerning the dangers of chronic exposure to pesticides is not given high priority by health services, agricultural extensionists, or pesticide companies; and (ii) the hot, humid climate of the region makes use of protective clothing, face masks, or other safety equipment extremely uncomfortable. While highly pathogenic to their insect hosts, baculoviruses are extremely host-specific and safe to humans, making them particularly appropriate for programs of biological control in developing countries (Jones et al, 1993). Given that optical brighteners are ubiquitous additives in washing powders, paper, and fabrics, the health risks posed by exposure to optical brighteners in a virus formulation are probably small.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is It Feasible to Use Optical Brightener Technology with a Baculovirus Bioinsecticide for Resource-Poor Maize Farmers in Mesoamerica?

et al. 2000

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is It Feasible to Use Optical Brightener Technology with a Baculovirus Bioinsecticide for Resource-Poor Maize Farmers in Mesoamerica?

et al. 2000

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“…The biology and ecology of B. thuringiensis and its toxins, their mode of action and current status of research and application, have been reviewed in a book edited by Entwistle et al (1993) and the economics have been outlined by Baker and Henis (1990). Other entomopathogenic bacteria have only minor uses, including B. sphaericus for mosquito control in developing countries (Jones et al, 1993b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

Burges¹,

Jones²

1998

Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides

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Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects 3.6 Application to water 87 3.6.1 Problems of the aquatic environment and its target insects 87 3.6.2 Suspension concentrates and wettable powders 89 3.6.3 Penetration of foliage for mosquito control 90 3.6.4 Floating and slow-release products 91 3.6.5 Encapsulation 95 3.6.6 Monomolecular surface films 96 3.7 Future trends and research in formulation technology 97 3.7.1 Pathogen production 97 3.7.2 Trends in formulation for use on land 99 3.7.2a Products applied dry 99 3.7.2b Products applied as sprays 99 3.7.2c Additives 102 3.7.3 Products for use in water 104 3.7.3a Suspension concentrates and wettable powders 104 3.7.3b Granules, pellets and briqu.ettes 104 3.7.3c Monomolecular layers 106 3.7.3d Bacillus sphaericus 106 3.7.3e Products without live spores 106 3.7.4 Systemic expression of microbial factors 106 3.7.5 Novel strategies for control 108 3.7.6 Research priorities 108 References 109Table 3.2 Production of a Bacillus thuringiensis technical powder by centrifugation and spray-drying fermenter broth (adapted from Lisanky et aI., 1993) Ingredients (Appendix l) Centrifuged broth Aqueous 40% Bevaloid 211 Gum arabic Percentage (w/w) 97 2 1 Function Agent Dispersant Drying protectant Cost ($/kg product) 28.00 0.03 0.03 Preparation 1 Stabilize broth by adjusting pH to 4.1 with 5 M H2S04 2 Spin sample of broth in bench centrifuge at 2: 8000g; supernatant should be clear* 3 Sample for later tests on pH, solids, microbiological purity and cell count 4 Centrifuge at 2: 8000 g and < 35°C with continuous stirring/ agitation of the feed 5 Sample concentrate as for step 2 1 6 Add 2% dispersant and 1% gum arabic or 5% lactose slowly while stirring for 5 min, ensuring that no lumps remain 7 Spray-dry+, using a rotary atomizer, to 6-7% water content; lower levels may cause loss of potency; higher levels will allow caking and contaminants to grow 8 Sieve to < 50lIm and mill oversize material at < 35 DC 9 Bioassay potency of product. The relationship between potency of a 20 gil solids broth and that of the technical powder is about x5 for ssp. kurstaki and x3 for ssp. israelensis * If cloudy, cool sample to 5'C to clear possible interference by antifoam and check microscopically. If there are> 1-2 spores and crystals per field, add 4 mill Superfloc C 577 to bulk broth, but with ssp. israelensis dilute bulk broth to 1.5% with cold water, then add 6 mill of Superfloc to flocculate. t If the concentrate is not to be spray dried immediately, stabilize by adding 2 gIl potassium sorbate and adjust pH to 4.1 ± 0.1 with 5 M H 2 S0 4 , or cool to 5°C. t Spray driers vary. Check residence time of product in drier as over-exposure to heat will lower potency. Typical temperatures are inlet 180-210 °C and outlet 85°C. Experiment with temperatures and throughput rates.Preparation 1 Egg masses of a laboratory strain (New Jersey) of the gypsy moth are held for 150 days at 6 'C to complete diapause 2 Eggs are dehaired (Cosenza et al., 1963;Tardif and Secrest, 1970, modified by...

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“…In most cases, the product is formulated to optimize storage, and in the moment of use, it is suspended to obtain an applicable formulation. Infected larvae are dried by methods, such as dehydration [ 177 ], lyophilization [ 178 ], or by a humid air flow [ 179 ], to generate a powder. The application of lactose in the drying process improves the stability and infectivity of the virus [ 179 ].…”

Section: Production Technology and Product Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baculovirus Insecticides in Latin America: Historical Overview, Current Status and Future Perspectives

Haase

Sciocco-Cap

Romanowski

2015

Viruses

173

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Baculoviruses are known to regulate many insect populations in nature. Their host-specificity is very high, usually restricted to a single or a few closely related insect species. They are amongst the safest pesticides, with no or negligible effects on non-target organisms, including beneficial insects, vertebrates and plants. Baculovirus-based pesticides are compatible with integrated pest management strategies and the expansion of their application will significantly reduce the risks associated with the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. Several successful baculovirus-based pest control programs have taken place in Latin American countries. Sustainable agriculture (a trend promoted by state authorities in most Latin American countries) will benefit from the wider use of registered viral pesticides and new viral products that are in the process of registration and others in the applied research pipeline. The success of baculovirus-based control programs depends upon collaborative efforts among government and research institutions, growers associations, and private companies, which realize the importance of using strategies that protect human health and the environment at large. Initiatives to develop new regulations that promote the use of this type of ecological alternatives tailored to different local conditions and farming systems are underway.

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The exploitation of microorganisms in the developing countries of the tropics

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Is It Feasible to Use Optical Brightener Technology with a Baculovirus Bioinsecticide for Resource-Poor Maize Farmers in Mesoamerica?

Is It Feasible to Use Optical Brightener Technology with a Baculovirus Bioinsecticide for Resource-Poor Maize Farmers in Mesoamerica?

Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects

Baculovirus Insecticides in Latin America: Historical Overview, Current Status and Future Perspectives

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