The exploitation of enzyme-based cancer immunotherapy

Chandan, Gourav; Saini, Adesh K.; Kumari, Reena; Chakrabarti, Sasanka; Mittal, Amit; Sharma, Anil Kumar; Saini, Reena V.

doi:10.1007/s13577-022-00821-2

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Finally, although many studies have made significant progress in animal experiments, judging the efficacy of experimental animals on patients is challenging due to some differences between experimental animals and humans. [ 238 ] For example, subcutaneous or in situ implantation techniques based on tumor cells must improve patients' complex physiology. [ 82 ] Therefore, establishing an animal model that can accurately simulate human tumor progression is the key to achieving TME remodeling to enhance photodynamic therapy effectiveness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Reprogramming Strategy of Tumor Microenvironment for Rejuvenating Photosensitizers‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

Yu,

Li,

Wang

et al. 2023

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently been considered a potential tumor therapy due to its time‐space specificity and non‐invasive advantages. PDT can not only directly kill tumor cells by using cytotoxic reactive oxygen species but also induce an anti‐tumor immune response by causing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells. Although it exhibits a promising prospect in treating tumors, there are still many problems to be solved in its practical application. Tumor hypoxia and immunosuppressive microenvironment seriously affect the efficacy of PDT. The hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment is mainly due to the abnormal vascular matrix around the tumor, its abnormal metabolism, and the influence of various immunosuppressive‐related cells and their expressed molecules. Thus, reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME) is of great significance for rejuvenating PDT. This article reviews the latest strategies for rejuvenating PDT, from regulating tumor vascular matrix, interfering with tumor cell metabolism, and reprogramming immunosuppressive related cells and factors to reverse tumor hypoxia and immunosuppressive microenvironment. These strategies provide valuable information for a better understanding of the significance of TME in PDT and also guide the development of the next‐generation multifunctional nanoplatforms for PDT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Reprogramming Strategy of Tumor Microenvironment for Rejuvenating Photosensitizers‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

Yu,

Li,

Wang

et al. 2023

Small

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“…For example, use of the acid-sensitive linker, maleic acid amide, to construct SDDSs has been shown to cause stimulus-activated disintegration in a tumor acid environment 12 . Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)- and MMP-9-sensitive materials respond to the tumor microenvironment by overexpressing MMP-2 and MMP-9 13 . Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive materials have been synthesized using thione linkers or boronic acid-containing adducts 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart drug delivery systems to overcome drug resistance in cancer immunotherapy

Yan

Wang

et al. 2023

Cancer Biol Med

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Cancer immunotherapy, a therapeutic approach that inhibits tumors by activating or strengthening anti-tumor immunity, is currently an important clinical strategy for cancer treatment; however, tumors can develop drug resistance to immune surveillance, resulting in poor response rates and low therapeutic efficacy. In addition, changes in genes and signaling pathways in tumor cells prevent susceptibility to immunotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, tumors create an immunosuppressive microenvironment via immunosuppressive cells and secrete molecules that hinder immune cell and immune modulator infiltration or induce immune cell malfunction. To address these challenges, smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs) have been developed to overcome tumor cell resistance to immunomodulators, restore or boost immune cell activity, and magnify immune responses. To combat resistance to small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, SDDSs are used to co-deliver numerous therapeutic agents to tumor cells or immunosuppressive cells, thus increasing the drug concentration at the target site and improving efficacy. Herein, we discuss how SDDSs overcome drug resistance during cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on recent SDDS advances in thwarting drug resistance in immunotherapy by combining immunogenic cell death with immunotherapy and reversing the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. SDDSs that modulate the interferon signaling pathway and improve the efficacy of cell therapies are also presented. Finally, we discuss potential future SDDS perspectives in overcoming drug resistance in cancer immunotherapy. We believe that this review will contribute to the rational design of SDDSs and development of novel techniques to overcome immunotherapy resistance.

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