The experimenter as an independent variable in studies of animal hypnosis in chickens (Gallus gallus)

Gallup, Gordon G.; Cummings, William H.; Nash, Richard F.

doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(72)80187-8

Cited by 116 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Both chickens (Gallup, Nash, Donegan, & McClure, 1971) and lizards show potentiated tonic immobility durations when testing is conducted in the presence of a stuffed hawk. The presence of an experimenter produces the same effect (Edson & Gallup, 1972;Gallup, Cummings, & Nash, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…When subjects are immobilized in front of a stuffed hawk with either a hood covering the hawk's head or with its eyes masked, durations of tonic immobility are abbreviated as compared with conditions in which the hawk's eyes are fully visible Gallup, Nash, Donegan, & McClure, 1971). Likewise, longer durations are produced when the experimenter maintains direct eye contact with subjects than when the experimenter averts his gaze or completely avoids any eye contact (Gallup, Cummings, & Nash, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Suarez

Gallup

1981

Animal Learning & Behavior

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Based on a modelwhich holds that open-field behavior is due in large part to an interaction between social separation and the threat of predation, seven experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between tonic immobility and open-field activity in chickens. The results showed that placement in an open field prior to testing for tonic immobility reliably enhanced the duration of immobility. Similarly, procedures that have been shown to modify the length of the immobility episode had a comparable effect on the timing of activity onset in an open field. Since tonic immobility has been independently implicated as a putative predator defense, the correspondence between open-field behavior and tonic immobility was taken as indirect support for the hypothesis that open-field testing contains overtones of predation.153

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Suarez

Gallup

1981

Animal Learning & Behavior

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The differences in TI durations between breeds (Gallup et al 1972;Jones and Faure 1981;Jones and Mills 1983) and strains within breed (Gallup 1974b;Benoff and Siegel 1976;Craig et al 1983) suggest the importance of a genetic factor in fear-related behaviour in poultry. In the present study, it was apparent that RJF were more fearful than CB as assessed by a test of TI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute heat-stress effects on physiology and fear-related behaviour in red jungle fowl and domestic fowl

Zulkifli¹,

Dass²,

Norma³

1999

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zulkifli, I., Dass, R. T. and Che Norma, M. T. 1999. Acute heat-stress effects on physiology and fear-related behaviour in red jungle fowl and domestic fowl. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79: [165][166][167][168][169][170]. Two experiments were conducted to compare heat tolerance of red jungle fowl (RJF) and commercial broilers (CB) at (i) a common age and (ii) a common body weight. In exp. 1, RJF and CB of a common age (8 wk) were exposed to 36 ± 1°C for 6 h. RJF had smaller increases in heterophil to lymphocyte ratios and body temperature and higher serum cholesterol concentrations than CB in response to the heat treatment, while tonic immobility (TI) measurements were not affected by heat stress. In exp. 2, RJF and CB of a common body weight (1000 ± 150 g) were subjected to similar procedures as in exp. 1 (except TI durations). Both breeds responded similarly to the heat treatment. In both experiments, RJF had higher serum glucose level than CB, and the trait was not affected by heat exposure. Deux expériences ont été réalisées pour comparer la tolérance à la chaleur des galliformes rouges d'Asie (GRA) et des poulets de chair de production commerciale (PC) à un même âge et à un même poids corporel. Dans l'expérience 1, les GRA et les PC du même âge (8 semaines) étaient exposés à une température de 36 ± 1°C pendant 6 h. Les GRA manifestaient des accroissements moins importants du rapport hétérophiles-lymphocytes et de la température corporelle ainsi qu'une plus forte concentration sérique de cholestérol que les PC en réponse au traitement thermique. Par ailleurs, les valeurs d'immobilité tonique (IT) n'étaient pas touchées par le stress thermique. Dans l'expérience 2, les GRA et les PC de poids corporel comparable (1 000 ± 150 g) étaient exposés aux mêmes conditions que dans l'expérience 1, excepté pour la durée de IT. Les deux types de volaille réagissaient de la même façon au traitement thermique. Dans les 2 traitements les GRA avaient un niveau sérique de glucose plus élevé que les poulets domestiques et ce caractère se maintenait en présence de stress thermique.

show abstract

“…One study [145] found an effect of the presence of the experimenter, and also found a strong effect of the direction of the gaze (direct vs. averted), another study [146] on the other hand, found that neither spectacles/sunglasses nor the presence/absence of the experimenter affected the TI in adult Isa Brown hens. In most cases the tonic immobility test is performed on an animal that is isolated from its conspecifics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

Forkman¹,

Boissy

Meunier-Salaün

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

741

626

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

FORKMAN, B., A., BOISSY, M.-C., SALAÜN, E., CANALI, AND R.B., JONES. A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 000-000, 2007. Fear is arguably the most commonly investigated emotion in domestic animals. In the current review we attempt to establish the level of repeatability and validity found for fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses. We focus the review on the three most common types of fear tests: the arena test (open field), the novel object test, and the restraint test. For some tests, e.g. tonic immobility in poultry, there is a good and broad literature on factors that affect the outcome of the test, the validity of the test and its age dependency. However, there are comparatively few of these well defined and validated tests and what is especially missing for most tests is information on the robustness, i.e., what aspects can be changed without affecting the validity of the tests. The relative absence of standardized tests hampers the development of applied ethology as a science.

show abstract

The experimenter as an independent variable in studies of animal hypnosis in chickens (Gallus gallus)

Cited by 116 publications

References 5 publications

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens

Acute heat-stress effects on physiology and fear-related behaviour in red jungle fowl and domestic fowl

A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About