The experimental study on the viscosity effect on the discharge coefficient for effervescent atomizers

Twin-fluid atomization of viscous liquids: The effect of atomizer construction on breakup process, spray stability and droplet size

“…A number of studies deal with twin-fluid atomizers (Ochowiak, 2013), Xiuyuan et al, 2013;Pougatch et al, 2014;Barroso et al, 2014;Hong et al, 2014), but these are very rarely compared. Chung et al (2000), Lincheta et al (2002), Ferreira et al (2009) or Gottlieb and Schwartzbach (2004) compare their designs with commercial atomizers, but this does not extend over several types of these devices.…”

The Effect of Geometrical, Operational, Mixing Methods, and Rheological Parameters on Discharge Coefficients of Internal-Mixing Twin-Fluid Atomizers

“…The IOG nozzle ( Figure 2c) has been frequently investigated as well [5,24,28,35,45,46]. In this configuration, the liquid flows inside the main chamber, while the gas enters into the aerator tube and bubbles outward to mix with the liquid.…”

“…The atomized liquid is delivered to the target application in a specified amount within a range of operating conditions. Therefore, the discharge coefficient (C D ) knowledge allows for predicting the actual liquid flow rate for given operating conditions; thus, playing an important role in the nozzle design process [22,[24][25][26]. It is advantageous to have a prediction tool for discharge characteristics of the atomizer before its realization.…”

“…As a result, a comparison between the previously proposed models with the same conditions and geometries showed a notable difference in predictions of about 25%. Ochowiak [24] concluded that the full model for the C D calculation is unavailable yet, since there are complex relations between dependent and independent factors that affect the nozzle discharge.…”

“…To study the effect of the internal-mixing method factor, for the first attempt, five types of IMTF nozzles with widely different internal-mixing methods were tested under the same conditions, liquid types, and orifice geometry. Two of the selected nozzles (outside-in-gas (OIG (and inside-out-gas (IOG)) are well-known and frequently used [1,5,10,13,24,28,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The following two designs (outside-in-liquid (OIL) and air-core-liquid-ring (ACLR)) were introduced recently; they are promising due to a better atomization performance [10,30,31,34], [37,38].…”