The experience of food craving: A prospective investigation in healthy women

Hill, Andrew J.; Heaton-Brown, Lisa

doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90068-x

Cited by 155 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, the extent to which food cravings play a role in the etiology of obesity, and whether successful weight loss requires a reduction in the frequency of experiencing food cravings, remains uncertain. 6,8,10,41,42 The results of this study suggest that portion size of craved foods, but not frequency of experiencing and No statistically significant differences between baseline and month 6 craved foods by paired t tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction

et al. 2007

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Objective: To examine characteristics of craved foods in relation to dietary energy restriction (ER) with high (HG) and low glycemic load (LG) diets. Design: Assessments of food cravings before and during a randomized controlled trial of HG and LG diets provided for 6 months. Subjects: Thirty-two healthy, overweight women aged 20-42 years. Measurements: Self-reported food cravings and dietary intake, body weight, weight history and measures of eating behaviors. Results: Foods craved at baseline were more than twice as high in energy density as the habitual diet (3.771.5 vs 1.770.3 kcal/ g; Po0.001), and on average were lower in protein (Po0.001) and fiber (Po0.001) and higher in fat (P ¼ 0.002). There were no statistically significant changes in nutritional characteristics of craved foods after 6 months of ER. There was a significant relationship between reported portion size of craved food consumed at baseline and lifetime high body mass index (r ¼ 0.49, P ¼ 0.005). Additionally, there was a significant association between susceptibility to hunger and craving frequency at baseline, and there were significant relationships between hunger score, craving frequency, strength and percentage of time that cravings are given in to after 6 months of ER. In multiple regression models, subjects who lost a greater percentage of weight craved higher energy-dense foods at month 6 of ER, but also reported giving in to food cravings less frequently (adjusted R 2 ¼ 0.31, P ¼ 0.009). Conclusion: High energy density and fat content, and low protein and fiber contents were identifying characteristics of craved foods. The relationships between craving variables and hunger score suggest that the relative influence of hunger susceptibility on cravings may be important before and especially after ER. Portion size of craved foods and frequency of giving in to food cravings appear to be important areas for focus in lifestyle modification programs for long-term weight loss.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction

et al. 2007

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“…By imposing dietary restraint, dieters appear to move the focus of their attention to food away from the normal internal cue of hunger to external cues, such as the sight and smell of food (Klajner, Herman, Polivy, & Chabra, 1981;Rogers & Hill, 1989). As a result, the external cues become more salient and dieters appear to be far more Hill & Heaton-Brown (1994) and suggested by Rogers & Smit (2000), future studies could be used to investigate to what extent the findings from this study can be generalised to include other foodstuffs, both sweet and savoury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless chocolate is consistently identified as one of the most craved foodstuffs (Hill & Heaton-Brown, 1994;Rogers & Smit, 2000). Indeed, comparisons have been made with cravings for alcohol, even though chocolate lacks the addictive properties of alcohol (Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1994;Rogers & Smit, 2000).…”

Section: Images Of Chocolate and Female Dietersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, chocolate has been found to be a more preferable choice of comfort food to women than to men, and women are more accepting of chocolate as a comfort food than men (Wansink, Cheney, & Chan, 2003). Weingarten & Elston (1991) found that 97% of women and 68% of men experience food cravings, with chocolate being the food craved most often (Hill & Heaton-Brown, 1994;Rozin, Levine, & Stoess, 1991). Moreover, in the Wansink et al study women reported feeling less healthy after eating comfort foods and after eating chocolate, with 51% women citing a feeling of guilt compared to only 35% of men.…”

Section: Images Of Chocolate and Female Dietersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How visual images of chocolate affect the craving and guilt of female dieters

et al. 2007

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This study asks whether exposure to images of chocolate induces cravings and guilty feelings in females. A further aim was to examine whether these effects are heightened in the case of dieters. The participants, 85 females, saw a series of enticing media images, either of chocolate or of non-food products. Two thirds of the sample were dieting or had dieted in the past; 15% had been on seven or more diets. After viewing the images all participants completed the Attitudes to Chocolate Questionnaire (ACQ) (Benton, Greenfield, & Morgan, 1998). The different conditions affected only those who dieted. Dieters had significantly higher ACQ scores after viewing the chocolate images than the non-dieters. It is suggested that dietary restriction increases desire for forbidden foods, in the form of craving, and may induce negative affect such as guilt, anxiety and depression.(138 words)

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“…Retrospective data on food cravings provided by 758 women and 380 men showed that women especially craved chocolate, and that they did so more frequently than men, and that they also preferred it to any other type of food. 68 Other surveys also indicate chocolate as the most frequently craved food among women, [68][69][70] and there seems to be no substitute that satisfies a chocolate craving. 68 Interestingly, in one of the surveys 85% of women reported that they satisfied their cravings on more than 50% of occasions.…”

Section: Macronutrient Intake Food Cravings and The Premenstrual Synmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

2007

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Women's weight and body composition is significantly influenced by the female sex-steroid hormones. Levels of these hormones fluctuate in a defined manner throughout the menstrual cycle and interact to modulate energy homeostasis. This paper reviews the scientific literature on the relationship between hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle and components of energy balance, with the aim of clarifying whether this influences weight loss in women. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle it appears that women's energy intake and energy expenditure are increased and they experience more frequent cravings for foods, particularly those high in carbohydrate and fat, than during the follicular phase. This suggests that the potential of the underlying physiology related to each phase of the menstrual cycle may be worth considering as an element in strategies to optimize weight loss. Studies are needed to assess the weight loss outcome of tailoring dietary recommendations and the degree of energy restriction to each menstrual phase throughout a weight management program, taking these preliminary findings into account.

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The experience of food craving: A prospective investigation in healthy women

Cited by 155 publications

References 17 publications

Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction

Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction

How visual images of chocolate affect the craving and guilt of female dieters

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

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