The Expected and Unexpected Roles of Nitrate Transporters in Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance and Their Regulation

Zhang, Guobin; Meng, Shuan; Gong, Ji-Ming

doi:10.3390/ijms19113535

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…In our opinion, CAL2 possesses Cd chelation activity, and may enhance Cd tolerance when heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis; however, our experimental data in this study (Supplementary Figure S3A) suggest that Arabidopsis plants heterologously expressing CAL2 exhibit a Cd-sensitive phenotype. This is an unexpected phenomenon, which might be due to the side effects caused by heterologous overexpression of the CAL2 gene driven by the 35S promoter, high Cd accumulation in shoots of CAL2-overexpression lines (Figure 4A), or Cd/Na stress mediating nitrate allocation to roots, which promotes stress tolerance (Li et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2014Zhang et al, , 2018. Our results indicate that CAL2 may negatively regulate the root/shoot nitrate ratio under Cd stress conditions to decrease Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis (Supplementary Figure S3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, when 4-week-old hydroponically grown 35S:CAL2-mRFP transgenic and wild-type Col-0 plants were exposed to 20 µM Cd for 3 days, the TYD-6 and TYD-7 lines showed greater Cd sensitivity than the wild-type control plants (Supplementary Figure S3A). Previous research revealed that Cd/Na stress influences nitrate allocation to the roots, which is regulated by the nitrate transporters, NRT1.8 and NRT1.5, and functions in promoting stress tolerance (Li et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2014Zhang et al, , 2018. To investigate the potential mechanisms of cadmium sensitivity, nitrate concentrations in A. thaliana FIGURE 5 | Ectopic expression of CAL2 increased Cd allocation to shoot in Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Heterologous Expression Of Cal2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overexpression of a Defensin-Like Gene CAL2 Enhances Cadmium Accumulation in Plants

et al. 2020

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Accumulation and detoxification of cadmium in rice shoots are of great importance for adaptation to grow in cadmium contaminated soils and for limiting the transport of Cd to grains. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the processes involved in this regulation remain largely unknown. Defensin proteins play important roles in heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in plants. In rice, the cell wall-localized defensin protein (CAL1) is involved in Cd efflux and partitioning to the shoots. In the present study, we functionally characterized the CAL2 defensin protein and determined its contribution to Cd accumulation. CAL2 shared 66% similarity with CAL1, and its mRNA accumulation is mainly observed in roots and is unaffected by Cd stress, but its transcription level was lower than that of CAL1 based on the relative expression of CAL2/Actin1 observed in this study and that reported previously. A promoter-GUS assay revealed that CAL2 is expressed in root tips. Stable expression of the CAL2-mRFP fusion protein indicated that CAL2 is also localized in the cell walls. An in vitro Cd binding experiment revealed that CAL2 has Cd chelation activity. Overexpression of CAL2 increased Cd accumulation in Arabidopsis and rice shoots, but it had no effect on the accumulation of other essential elements. Heterologous expression of CAL2 enhanced Cd sensitivity in Arabidopsis, whereas overexpression of CAL2 had no effect on Cd tolerance in rice. These findings indicate that CAL2 positively regulates Cd accumulation in ectopic overexpression lines of Arabidopsis and rice. We have identified a new gene regulating Cd accumulation in rice grain, which would provide a new genetic resource for molecular breeding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterologous Expression Of Cal2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of a Defensin-Like Gene CAL2 Enhances Cadmium Accumulation in Plants

et al. 2020

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“…This could also be one of the reasons for the reduced nitrate levels observed in the present study at 7 dpi in the roots of A. thaliana infected with H. schachtii . Another explanation may be as a result from their intensive root‐to‐shoot transport, where carbon skeletons, energy, and reducing power derived from photosynthesis are easily available and allow the conversion of inorganic N to the organic form (Labudda et al , ; Zhang et al , ). Indeed, their increased content in shoots of infected plants was only recorded at this time point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterodera schachtii infection affects nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2020

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Nitrogen metabolism is important for physiological processes during normal growth and development, as well as plant defence responses. Second‐stage juveniles of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrate into the root and initiate permanent feeding sites called syncytia, from which they draw all necessary nutrients. To unravel whether the cyst nematode infestation changes nitrogen metabolism, the enzymatic activity and gene expression of nitrate (NIA) and nitrite (NIR) reductases and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), as well as levels of the metabolites nitrates, nitrites, and ammonium ions were estimated both locally in inoculated roots and systemically in shoots of inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana plants at 3, 7, and 15 days post‐inoculation (dpi). Moreover, gene expression of long hypocotyle 5 (HY5), a basic‐region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, was also determined, to learn more about the potential transcriptional regulation of the analysed enzymes. It was shown that the activity of nitrogen‐related enzymes and the content of metabolites fluctuated during the whole period of infection. These results were accompanied by organ‐specific and dpi‐dependent gene expression patterns. The high gene expression level of HY5 in infected roots at 7 and 15 dpi coexisted with enhanced expression of NIA1 and NIR1 at 7 dpi and NIA2 at 15 dpi. Enhanced HY5 expression level in shoots of infected plants at 15 dpi was followed by up‐regulation of NIA1 expression, suggesting that HY5 may regulate the gene expression of NIA and NIR during nematode infection. Our results indicate that changes in plant nitrogen metabolism occur during cyst nematode infection.

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“…Detailed mechanism of this root-shoot translocation of K + still remains ambiguous, although transporters which affect the shoot/root ratio of K + might contribute, such as KUP7 (Han et al, 2016) and OsHAK16 from rice (Feng et al, 2019). Likewise, the identity of the transporters responsible for the retrieval of anions from the xylem remains unclear too, albeit several transporters such as NRT1.8/NPF7.2 (Li et al, 2010;Fan et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2018) and Cation/ Chloride Cotransporters (CCCs) (Li et al, 2017a) have been suggested.…”

Section: Calcium-dependent Import Of Potassium and Anions-regulator Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium-Regulated Phosphorylation Systems Controlling Uptake and Balance of Plant Nutrients

Saito

Uozumi

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Essential elements taken up from the soil and distributed throughout the whole plant play diverse roles in different tissues. Cations and anions contribute to maintenance of intracellular osmolarity and the formation of membrane potential, while nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate are incorporated into amino acids and other organic compounds. In contrast to these ion species, calcium concentrations are usually kept low in the cytosol and calcium displays unique behavior as a cytosolic signaling molecule. Various environmental stresses stimulate increases in the cytosolic calcium concentration, leading to activation of calcium-regulated protein kinases and downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the stress responsive regulation of nutrient uptake and balancing by two types of calcium-regulated phosphorylation systems: CPK and CBL-CIPK. CPK is a family of protein kinases activated by calcium. CBL is a group of calcium sensor proteins that interact with CIPK kinases, which phosphorylate their downstream targets. In Arabidopsis, quite a few ion transport systems are regulated by CPKs or CBL-CIPK complexes, including channels/transporters that mediate transport of potassium (

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The Expected and Unexpected Roles of Nitrate Transporters in Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance and Their Regulation

Cited by 60 publications

References 81 publications

Overexpression of a Defensin-Like Gene CAL2 Enhances Cadmium Accumulation in Plants

Overexpression of a Defensin-Like Gene CAL2 Enhances Cadmium Accumulation in Plants

Heterodera schachtii infection affects nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

Calcium-Regulated Phosphorylation Systems Controlling Uptake and Balance of Plant Nutrients

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