The expanding implications of polyploidy

Schoenfelder, Kevin P.; Fox, Donald T.

doi:10.1083/jcb.201502016

Cited by 190 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…While this growing body of research highlights the likelihood that ploidy changes are important with respect to organismal ecology and lineage evolution, the overall biological significance of polyploidy remains unclear (Otto and Whitton 2000; Mable et al. 2011; Leslie 2014; Frawley and Orr‐Weaver 2015; Schoenfelder and Fox 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Larkin

Tucci

Neiman

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Ploidy elevation is increasingly recognized as a common and important source of genomic variation. Even so, the consequences and biological significance of polyploidy remain unclear, especially in animals. Here, our goal was to identify potential life history costs and benefits of polyploidy by conducting a large multiyear common garden experiment in Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail that is a model system for the study of ploidy variation, sexual reproduction, host–parasite coevolution, and invasion ecology. Sexual diploid and asexual triploid and tetraploid P. antipodarum frequently coexist, allowing for powerful direct comparisons across ploidy levels and reproductive modes. Asexual reproduction and polyploidy are very often associated in animals, allowing us to also use these comparisons to address the maintenance of sex, itself one of the most important unresolved questions in evolutionary biology. Our study revealed that sexual diploid P. antipodarum grow and mature substantially more slowly than their asexual polyploid counterparts. We detected a strong negative correlation between the rate of growth and age at reproductive maturity, suggesting that the relatively early maturation of asexual polyploid P. antipodarum is driven by relatively rapid growth. The absence of evidence for life history differences between triploid and tetraploid asexuals indicates that ploidy elevation is unlikely to underlie the differences in trait values that we detected between sexual and asexual snails. Finally, we found that sexual P. antipodarum did not experience discernable phenotypic variance‐related benefits of sex and were more likely to die before achieving reproductive maturity than the asexuals. Taken together, these results suggest that under benign conditions, polyploidy does not impose obvious life history costs in P. antipodarum and that sexual P. antipodarum persist despite substantial life history disadvantages relative to their asexual counterparts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Larkin

Tucci

Neiman

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Unr-NRs are regulated structures, appearing at a precise developmental stage of the placental development or in response to cytotoxic stresses. A current theme is that polyploidy confers resistance to environmental stresses not tolerated by diploid cells (review in Schoenfelder and Fox, 2015). It will be very interesting to see whether Unr-NRs facilitate survival of giant cancer cells that are subjected to chemotherapy.…”

Section: Benefits Of Unr-nr Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unr defines a novel class of nucleoplasmic reticulum involved in mRNA translation

Saltel

Giese

Azzi

et al. 2017

Journal of Cell Science

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Unr (officially known as CSDE1) is a cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with roles in the regulation of mRNA stability and translation. In this study, we identified a novel function for Unr, which acts as a positive regulator of placental development. Unr expression studies in the developing placenta revealed the presence of Unr-rich foci that are apparently located in the nuclei of trophoblast giant cells (TGCs).We determined that what we initially thought to be foci, were actually cross sections of a network of double-wall nuclear membrane invaginations that contain a cytoplasmic core related to the nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR). We named them, accordingly, Unr-NRs. Unr-NRs constitute a novel type of NR because they contain high levels of poly(A) RNA and translation factors, and are sites of active translation. In murine tissues, Unr-NRs are only found in two polyploid cell types, in TGCs and hepatocytes. In vitro, their formation is linked to stress and polyploidy because, in three cancer cell lines, cytotoxic drugs that are known to promote polyploidization induce their formation. Finally, we show that Unr is required in vivo for the formation of Unr-containing NRs because these structures are absent in Unr-null TGCs.

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“…In contrast, polyploid cells that can return to the mitotic cycle, cells often generated by cytokinesis failure or from certain programmed endocycles (Fox et al 2010), are susceptible to increased genomic instability and prone to oncogenesis (Fujiwara et al 2005;Duncan et al 2010;Schoenfelder et al 2014). Why polyploid cells are so common has remained a matter of debate, but large cells may be mechanically advantageous and stress-resistant (Orr-Weaver 2015; Schoenfelder and Fox 2015;Neiman et al 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polytene Chromosome Structure and Somatic Genome Instability

Spradling

2017

Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol

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Polytene chromosomes have for 80 years provided the highest resolution view of interphase genome structure in an animal cell nucleus. These chromosomes represent the normal genomic state of nearly all Drosophila larval and many adult cells, and a better understanding of their striking banded structure has been sought for decades. A more recently appreciated characteristic of Drosophila polytene cells is somatic genome instability caused by unfinished replication (UR). Repair of stalled forks generates enough deletions in polytene salivary gland cells to alter 10%-90% of the DNA strands within more than 100 UR regions comprising 20% of the euchromatic genome. We accurately map UR regions and show that most approximate large polytene bands, indicating that replication forks frequently stall near band boundaries in late S phase. Chromosome conformation capture has recently identified dense topologically associated domains (TADs) in many genomes and most UR bands are similar or slightly smaller than a cognate Drosophila TAD. We argue that bands serve the evolutionarily ancient function of coordinating genome replication with local gene activity. We also discuss the relatively recent evolution of polyteny and somatic instability in Diptera and propose that these processes helped propel the amazing success of two-winged flies in becoming the most ecologically diverse insect group, with 200 times the number of species as mammals.

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The expanding implications of polyploidy

Cited by 190 publications

References 77 publications

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression

Unr defines a novel class of nucleoplasmic reticulum involved in mRNA translation

Polytene Chromosome Structure and Somatic Genome Instability

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