The 'standard physics' of the solar wind is reviewed, and arguments that this standard physics is inadequate are summarized. A variety of suggestions for modifying the physics of the solar wind are then reviewed, with emphasis on effects of MHD waves of solar origin and collisionless or instability-limited electron heat conduction. The basic effects of the modified physics are demonstrated in a two-fluid model of the solar wind flow. The predictions of this model are carefully compared with observations, and the need for further observations is emphasized. The review concludes with suggestions for future theoretical efforts.
THE STANDARD PHYSICSFor about a decade now it has become increasingly apparent that the 'standard physics' of the solar wind represents an inadequate description of the real solar wind and that additional and alternate processes must be at work. It is the purpose of this review to summarize some of the relevant processes and to construct a new model of the solar wind flow which incorporates their effects. The following physical considerations may be said to constitute the standard physics of the solar wind. 1. Mass is conserved without sources or sinks. In multifluid models of the solar wind, ionization and recombination are usually dropped, so that each species is then separately conserved without sources or sinks. But ionization and recombination can in fact be important for the minor ions low in the corona [e.g., Bame et al., 1974; Hundhausen et al., 1968; Joselyn, 1977] and for the solar wind/interstellar particle interaction far from the sun [e.g., Axford, 1972, 1973; Holzer, 1972, 1977a].2. The flow is accelerated by the algebraically summed thermal pressure gradients of all constituent species. In multifluid models of the solar wind the pressure gradient of each species contributes directly to its own acceleration but also indirectly to the acceleration of all other species via its contribution to the interplanetary electric field, which exists in virtue of the requirements of charge neutrality and charge conservation. The pressure is usually taken to be a scalar, but some kinetic or semikinetic models have been explored, for which the thermal pressure is anisotropic and therefore a tensor [e.g., ]. Although kinetic models may be vital for understanding microphysical processes such as wave-particle interactions, they are probably unnecessary for understanding the basic macrophysics of the solar wind [e.g., Leer and Holzer, 1972].The reasons for this are, first, that the electron anisotropy (at least as observed in the vicinity of 1 AU) is small and thus of no major consequence and, second, that the protons probably do not become strongly anisotropic until they are highly supersonic [Hundhausen, 1968;Hollweg, 1970a], in which case the thermal pressure is small in comparison with the inertia, and the anisotropy is again of no major consequence.3. The flow is decelerated by gravity. Generally, both the flow velocity v0 and the gravitational field g are taken to be in the radial direction....