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The Unitarity Triangle (UT) plots played already for three decades an important role in the tests of the Standard Model (SM) and the determination of the CKM parameters. As of 2022, among the four CKM parameters, |V us | and β are already measured with respectable precision, while this is not the case of |V cb | and γ. In the case of |V cb | the main obstacle are the significant tensions between its inclusive and exclusive determinations from tree-level decays and it could still take some years before a unique value of this parameter will be known. The present uncertainty in γ of 4 • from tree-level decays will be reduced to 1 • by the LHCb and Belle II collaborations in the coming years. Unfortunately in the common UT plots |V cb | is not seen and the experimental improvements in the determination of γ from tree-level decays at the level of a few degrees are difficult to appreciate. In view of these deficiencies of the UT plots with respect to |V cb | and γ and the central role these two CKM parameters will play in this decade, the recently proposed plots of |V cb | versus γ extracted from various processes appear to be superior to the UT plots in the flavour phenomenology of the 2020s. We illustrate this idea with ∆F = 2 observables ∆M s , ∆M d , ε K and with rare decaysIn particular the power of ε K , B(K + → π + ν ν) and B(K L → π 0 ν ν) in the determination of |V cb |, due to their strong dependence on |V cb |, is transparently exhibited in this manner. Combined with future reduced errors on γ and |V cb | from tree-level decays such plots can better exhibit possible inconsistencies between various determinations of these two parameters, caused by new physics, than it is possible with the UT plots. This can already be illustrated on the example of the recently found 2.7σ anomaly in B s → µ + µ − .
The Unitarity Triangle (UT) plots played already for three decades an important role in the tests of the Standard Model (SM) and the determination of the CKM parameters. As of 2022, among the four CKM parameters, |V us | and β are already measured with respectable precision, while this is not the case of |V cb | and γ. In the case of |V cb | the main obstacle are the significant tensions between its inclusive and exclusive determinations from tree-level decays and it could still take some years before a unique value of this parameter will be known. The present uncertainty in γ of 4 • from tree-level decays will be reduced to 1 • by the LHCb and Belle II collaborations in the coming years. Unfortunately in the common UT plots |V cb | is not seen and the experimental improvements in the determination of γ from tree-level decays at the level of a few degrees are difficult to appreciate. In view of these deficiencies of the UT plots with respect to |V cb | and γ and the central role these two CKM parameters will play in this decade, the recently proposed plots of |V cb | versus γ extracted from various processes appear to be superior to the UT plots in the flavour phenomenology of the 2020s. We illustrate this idea with ∆F = 2 observables ∆M s , ∆M d , ε K and with rare decaysIn particular the power of ε K , B(K + → π + ν ν) and B(K L → π 0 ν ν) in the determination of |V cb |, due to their strong dependence on |V cb |, is transparently exhibited in this manner. Combined with future reduced errors on γ and |V cb | from tree-level decays such plots can better exhibit possible inconsistencies between various determinations of these two parameters, caused by new physics, than it is possible with the UT plots. This can already be illustrated on the example of the recently found 2.7σ anomaly in B s → µ + µ − .
The pseudoscalar particles pions, kaons and the g-particle are considerably lighter than the other hadrons such as protons or neutrons. Their lightness was understood as a consequence of approximate chiral symmetry breaking. This led to current algebra, a way to express the relations imposed by the symmetry breaking. It was realized by Weinberg that because of their low mass, it is possible to formulate a purely pionic (effective) field theory at experimental energies, which carries all information on the (non-perturbative) dynamics, symmetries, and their spontaneous breaking of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and allows for systematic calculations of observables. In this review, we trace these developments and present recent activities in this field. We make the connection to other effective theories, more generally introduced by Wilson, as approximate field theories at low energies. Indeed, principles and paradigms introduced first for pions have become ubiquitous in particle physics and the standard model. Lastly, we turn to the latest development where the present (fundamental) standard model itself is considered as an effective field theory of a-yet to be formulated-even more fundamental theory. We also discuss important techniques that were developed in order to turn chiral perturbation theory into a predictive framework and briefly review some connections between lattice QCD and chiral perturbation theory (ChPT).
The unitarity triangle (UT) plots played already for three decades an important role in the tests of the Standard Model (SM) and the determination of the CKM parameters. As of 2022, among the four CKM parameters, $$|V_{us}|$$ | V us | and $$\beta $$ β are already measured with respectable precision, while this is not the case of $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | and $$\gamma $$ γ . In the case of $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | the main obstacle are the significant tensions between its inclusive and exclusive determinations from tree-level decays and it could still take some years before a unique value of this parameter will be known. The present uncertainty in $$\gamma $$ γ of $$4^\circ $$ 4 ∘ from tree-level decays will be reduced to $$1^\circ $$ 1 ∘ by the LHCb and Belle II collaborations in the coming years. Unfortunately in the common UT plots $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | is not seen and the experimental improvements in the determination of $$\gamma $$ γ from tree-level decays at the level of a few degrees are difficult to appreciate. In view of these deficiencies of the UT plots with respect to $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | and $$\gamma $$ γ and the central role these two CKM parameters will play in this decade, the recently proposed plots of $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | versus $$\gamma $$ γ extracted from various processes appear to be superior to the UT plots in the flavour phenomenology of the 2020s. We illustrate this idea with $$\Delta F=2$$ Δ F = 2 observables $$\Delta M_s$$ Δ M s , $$\Delta M_d$$ Δ M d , $$\varepsilon _K$$ ε K and with rare decays $$B_s\rightarrow \mu ^+\mu ^-$$ B s → μ + μ - , $$B_d\rightarrow \mu ^+\mu ^-$$ B d → μ + μ - , $$K^+\rightarrow \pi ^+\nu \bar{\nu }$$ K + → π + ν ν ¯ and $$K_L\rightarrow \pi ^0\nu \bar{\nu }$$ K L → π 0 ν ν ¯ . In particular the power of $$\varepsilon _K$$ ε K , $$\mathcal {B}(K^+\rightarrow \pi ^+\nu \bar{\nu })$$ B ( K + → π + ν ν ¯ ) and $$\mathcal {B}(K_L\rightarrow \pi ^0\nu \bar{\nu })$$ B ( K L → π 0 ν ν ¯ ) in the determination of $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | , due to their strong dependence on $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | , is transparently exhibited in this manner. Combined with future reduced errors on $$\gamma $$ γ and $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | from tree-level decays such plots can better exhibit possible inconsistencies between various determinations of these two parameters, caused by new physics, than it is possible with the UT plots. This can already be illustrated on the example of the recently found $$2.7\sigma $$ 2.7 σ anomaly in $$B_s\rightarrow \mu ^+\mu ^-$$ B s → μ + μ - .
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