The Examination of Restrained Joints Created in the Process of Multi-Material FFF Additive Manufacturing Technology

Abstract

The paper is focused on the examination of the internal quality of joints created in a multi-material additive manufacturing process. The main part of the work focuses on experimental production and non-destructive testing of restrained joints of modified PLA (polylactic acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) three-dimensional (3D)-printed on RepRap 3D device that works on the “open source” principle. The article presents the outcomes of a non-destructive materials test in the form of the data from the Laser Amplified Ultrasonography, microscopic observations of the joints area and tensile tests of the specially designed samples. The samples with designed joints were additively manufactured of two materials: Specially blended PLA (Market name—PLA Tough) and conventionally made ABS. The tests are mainly focused on the determination of the quality of material connection in the joints area. Based on the results obtained, the samples made of two materials were compared in the end to establish which produced material joint is stronger and have a lower amount of defects.

Influence of Selective Laser Melting Technological Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Elements Using 316L Austenitic Steel

“…A considerable fraction of these studies are related to powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques, such as selective laser melting (SLM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), or electron beam 2 of 19 melting (EBM) [8]. The "layer-by-layer" method of part fabrication connected to a powder bed feeding mechanism allows for design freedom and the fabrication of objects with complex shapes that would be impossible to obtain with traditional manufacturing methods [9]. Owing to the specific features of the PBF technique, it is beginning to be used in many demanding branches of industry [10][11][12][13].…”

Effect of Process Parameter Modification and Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser-Melted 316L Steel

“…Research on additive manufacturing with metal powders [1] has grown significantly, yet many research questions remain. The intensity of the research is driven by the wide use of additive manufacturing to make geometrically complex parts in fields such as medical devices [2], aviation [3], astronautics, and the automotive industry [4,5] and other mechanical solutions [6].…”

“…One area of ongoing investigation concerns the modification of the mechanical properties of additively manufactured elements. Both the layer-by-layer characteristic of the process and the use of process parameters allow for the control of element properties through a variety of methods, including process parameter modification [6,7], heat treatment after selective laser melting (SLM) processing [8,9], element topology [11], and surface treatment [12] after SLM processing [11,12]. A proper surface parameters have a significant influence on elements properties which was deeply investigated by Macek et al in their work [15].…”

Mechanical Properties Analysis of the AA2519-AA1050-Ti6Al4V Explosive Welded Laminate

“…Layered materials are characterized by different mechanical properties than in monolithic parts. This phenomenon was taken into account during our previous research of layered materials obtained through different manufacturing technologies: additively manufactured using selective laser melting technology [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], additively manufactured, double-material restraint joints using fused filament fabrication technology [ 27 ] and explosively welded lightweight materials [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. All the mentioned manufacturing technologies are characterized by the layered structure of the materials obtained by joining each layer of the material using high-energy sources.…”