The Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding

Delafontaine, Marie; Panfil, Claudia; Spöler, Felix; Kray, Stefan; Burgher, François; Mathieu, Laurence; Blomet, Joël; Schrage, Norbert; Tambourgi, Denise V.

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.061

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Corneal complications occurred 30 min after initiation and reached the maximum severity at 12 h [ 49 ], displaying nitrogen mustard-like effects (similar to chemical burn) on rabbit corneas [ 50 ]. To compare the effects of venom from different snake species, a group conducted an ex vivo eye irritation test (EVEIT) [ 51 ] and found that venoms from spitting elapids Naja ( N. mossambica, N. nigricollis ) but not non-spitting vipers ( Bothrops jararaca and B. lanceolatus ) cause increased thickness of rabbit corneas [ 51 ]. Interestingly, the venom from N. naja also causes the corneal symptom, which can be alleviated after a 10 min water rinse, suggesting that the venom from N. naja has less tissue penetrating ability than the other two Naja species.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Venom Induced Ocular Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occasionally, venom of the spitting cobra in Nigeria ( N. nigricollis ) causes permanent blindness due to severe corneal damage [ 18 ]. It might be due to a high venom affinity to the cornea after exposure, which cannot be washed out even with immediate irrigation [ 51 ]. Topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antihistamine, and anesthetic eye drops have been reported as treatments for snake venom-spit ophthalmia [ 3 ].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Venom Ophthalmia and Ocular Complications Caused by Snake Venom

Chang

Huang

Chen

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Little is known about the detailed clinical description, pathophysiology, and efficacy of treatments for ocular envenoming (venom ophthalmia) caused by venom of the spitting elapid and other snakes, as well as ocular complications caused by snake venom injection. In this paper, we review clinical information of case reports regarding venom ophthalmia and snake venom injection with associated ocular injuries in Asia, Africa, and the United States. We also review the literature of snake venom such as their compositions, properties, and toxic effects. Based on the available clinical information and animal studies, we further discuss possible mechanisms of venom ophthalmia derived from two different routes (Duvernoy’s gland in the mouth and nuchal gland in the dorsal neck) and the pathophysiology of snake venom injection induced ocular complications, including corneal edema, corneal erosion, cataract, ocular inflammation, retinal hemorrhage, acute angle closure glaucoma, as well as ptosis, diplopia, and photophobia. Finally, we discuss the appropriate first aid and novel strategies for treating venom ophthalmia and snake envenoming.

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Section: Pathophysiology Of Venom Induced Ocular Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom Ophthalmia and Ocular Complications Caused by Snake Venom

Chang

Huang

Chen

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…The EVEIT system was used as an ex vivo model for this study and is suited for this type of research question [ 7 – 13 ] because it is able to document and quantify epithelial healing and toxic effects on the entire corneal structure in long-term experiments, mimicking a chronic use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Latanoprost Antiglaucoma Eyedrops and Their Excipients on Toxicity and Healing Characteristics in the Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test System

Panfil

Chauchat²,

Guerin³

et al. 2023

Ophthalmol Ther

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Introduction Corneal epithelial toxicity and delayed healing process have already been attributed to preservatives or some excipients. We study the effects of galenic components in antiglaucoma drugs such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC) or surfactants like macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate 40 (MGHS 40) on corneal toxicity in an ex vivo system mimicking chronic use. Methods Latanoprost-containing eyedrops are available with and without preservatives on the market. Unpreserved, they are available in different formulations with various excipients like MGHS at different concentrations (0%, 2.5%, and 5%). We studied these in the ex vivo bioreactor (EVEIT) on initially injured rabbit corneas. The drugs were applied six times daily for observation periods of 3 or 5 days. BAC, 5% MGHS 40 solution, and 0.18% hyaluronic acid served as controls. Macroscopic photographic, biochemical methods and corneal integrity quantification were used for evaluation. Toxicity was assessed by measuring wound healing and corneal fluorescein sodium permeability and was confirmed by histology studies. Results The BAC-preserved formulation resulted in high corneal toxicity, which was expected. Interestingly, the preservative-free (PF) formulation containing 5% MGHS 40, carbomer, macrogol 4000, and sorbitol showed the highest corneal toxicity, followed by the control formulation with equal MGHS 40 concentration, which presented significantly less damage. No toxicity was shown by eyedrops containing 2.5% MGHS 40 or salts only. Conclusion Our study demonstrates a significant corneal toxicity of certain formulations of PF antiglaucoma ophthalmic drugs containing 5% MGHS 40 with other excipients compared to other formulations with lower MGHS 40 concentrations (2.5% or 0%), or even compared to the solution containing 5% MGHS alone. This suggests a concentration-dependent toxicity of MGHS 40, especially in interaction with other excipients, which may increase its epithelial toxicity, and that has to be considered in clinical glaucoma therapy. Further single-component formulation trials are needed to support this interpretation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40123-023-00769-y.

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“…Eye signs may include palpebral ptosis, ophthalmoplegia and facial muscle weakness. Delafontaine, captured eye signs in what they referred to as venom ophthalmia consisting of “pain, hyperemia, blepharitis, blepharospasm and corneal erosions” [ 17 ]. Neurotoxic venoms may also show local signs including numbness/ paresthesia and pain at the site of bite as well as local edema/swelling and erythema.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compendium of medically important snakes, venom activity and clinical presentations in Ghana

et al. 2023

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Background Snake bite envenoming (SBE) is one neglected tropical disease that has not received the needed attention. The sequelae of burdensome disability and mortality impact the socioeconomic life of communities adversely with little documentation of SBE in health facility records in Ghana. This study details SBE and snake distribution, habits/habitats, type of venom expressed and clinical manifestations. Methodology We conducted a structured thematic desk review of peer reviewed papers, books and reports from repositories including PubMed, WHO and WCH using bibliographic software EndNote and search engine Google Scholar with the following key words; snakes, medical importance, snake bites, venom and venom type, envenomation, symptoms and signs, vaccines, venom expenditure, strike behaviour and venom-metering + Ghana, West Africa, Africa, World. We also reviewed data from the District Health Information Management System (DHIMS) of the Ghana Health Service (GHS). Outcome variables were organized as follows: common name (s), species, habitat/habit, species-specific toxin, clinical manifestation, antivenom availability, WHO category. Findings Snake bites and SBE were grouped by the activity of the expressed venom into neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, haemorrhagic, cytotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic and procoagulants. Neurotoxic snake bites were largely due to elapids. Expressed venoms with cardiotoxic, haemorrhagic, nephrotoxic and procoagulant activities principally belonged to the family Viperidae. Snakes with venoms showing myotoxic activity were largely alien to Ghana and the West African sub-region. Venoms showing cytotoxic activity are expressed by a wide range of snakes though more prevalent among the Viperidae family. Snakes with neurotoxic and haemorrhagic venom activities are prevalent across all the agro-ecological zones in Ghana. Conclusion/Significance Understanding the characteristics of snakes and their venoms is useful in the management of SBE. The distribution of snakes by their expressed venoms across the agro-ecological zones is also instructive to species identification and diagnosis of SBE.

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The Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Venom Ophthalmia and Ocular Complications Caused by Snake Venom

Venom Ophthalmia and Ocular Complications Caused by Snake Venom

Impact of Latanoprost Antiglaucoma Eyedrops and Their Excipients on Toxicity and Healing Characteristics in the Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test System

Compendium of medically important snakes, venom activity and clinical presentations in Ghana

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