The Evolving Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Malaysia

Tee, Kok Keng; Saw, T.L.; Pon, Chee Keong; Kamarulzaman, Adeeba; Ng, Kee Peng

doi:10.1089/aid.2005.21.1046

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Similarly to Thailand, Malaysia has been experiencing molecular shifts over the years. CRF01_AE and subtype B had been circulating among PWID (Beyrer et al, 1998; Brown et al, 1996; Saraswathy et al, 2000) but, in the early 2000s, CRF01_AE/B recombinants were detected at increasing rates (Tee et al, 2005a, 2005b). Recently, recombinants that originated in Malaysia, CRF33_01B (Tee et al, 2006), and its descendants CRF48_01B (Li et al, 2010a), CRF54_01B (Ng et al, 2012), and CRF58_01B (Chow et al, 2014) have been identified in PWID.…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiology Of Hiv Among Pwid In Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of HIV molecular epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe and Asia

Nikolopoulos

Kostaki

Paraskevis

2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

HIV strains continuously evolve, tend to recombine and new circulating variants are being discovered. Novel strains complicate efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV and may exhibit higher transmission efficiency and virulence, and elevated resistance to antiretroviral agents. The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) set an ambitious goal to end HIV as a public health threat by 2030 through comprehensive strategies that include epidemiological input as the first step of the process. In this context, molecular epidemiology becomes invaluable as it captures trends in HIV evolution rates that shape epidemiological pictures across several geographical areas. This review briefly summarizes the molecular epidemiology of HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Europe and Asia. Following high transmission rates of subtype G and CRF14_BG among PWID in Portugal and Spain, two European countries, Greece and Romania, experienced recent HIV outbreaks in PWID that consisted of multiple transmission clusters including subtypes B, A, F1 and recombinants CRF14_BG and CRF35_AD. The latter was first identified in Afghanistan. Russia, Ukraine and other Former Soviet Union (FSU) states are still facing the devastating effects of epidemics in PWID produced by AFSU (also known as IDU-A), BFSU (known as IDU-B), and CRF03_AB. In Asia, CRF01_AE and subtype B (Western B and Thai B) travelled from PWID in Thailand to neighboring countries. Recombination hotspots in South China, Northern Myanmar, and Malaysia have been generating several intersubtype and inter-CRF recombinants (e.g. CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF33_01B etc.) increasing the complexity of HIV molecular patterns.

show abstract

Section: Molecular Epidemiology Of Hiv Among Pwid In Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of HIV molecular epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe and Asia

Nikolopoulos

Kostaki

Paraskevis

2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…57-59 It has also been predicted that the active and continuous emergence of novel CRFs is linked to the biological advantages of certain parental strains, 60,61 although the extent of these advantages in their differential spread is still uncertain.…”

Section: Distribution Of Hiv Recombinant Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trends of HIV recombination worldwide

Lau

Wong

2013

Infectious Disease Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

One of the major characteristics of HIV-1 is its high genetic variability and extensive heterogeneity. This characteristic is due to its molecular traits, which in turn allows it to vary, recombine, and diversify at a high frequency. As such, it generates complex molecular forms, termed recombinants, which evade the human immune system and so survive. There is no sequence constraint to the recombination pattern as it appears to occur at inter-group (between groups M and O), as well as interand intra-subtype within group M. Rapid emergence and active global transmission of HIV-1 recombinants, known as circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs), requires urgent attention. To date, 55 CRFs have been reported around the world. The first CRF01_AE originated from Central Africa but spread widely in Asia. The most recent CRF; CRF55_01B is a recombinant form of CRF01_AE and subtype B, although its origin is yet to be publicly disclosed. HIV-1 recombination is an ongoing event and plays an indispensable role in HIV epidemics in different regions. Africa, Asia and South America are identified as recombination hot-spots. They are affected by continual emergence and cocirculation of newly emerging CRFs and URFs, which are now responsible for almost 20% of HIV-1 infections worldwide. Better understanding of recombinants is necessary to determine their biological and molecular attributes.

show abstract

“…In recent years (2005–2011), a total of five novel and genetically distinct CRFs, namely CRF33_01B [14], [24], CRF48_01B [12], CRF52_01B [30], CRF53_01B [13] and CRF54_01B [31] ( Figure 2 ) had been identified among various HIV-1 infected populations, mostly involving PWIDs, heterosexuals and men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malaysia whereby active inter-subtype recombination between subtype B′, CRF01_AE and CRF33_01B lineages has been on-going. The identification of CRF58_01B may represent one of the recently emerging recombinant strains circulating at a low prevalence (2.3%, 6/258) among PWIDs in the region, as indicated by its apparent absence in other molecular epidemiological studies conducted prior to year 2009 [14], [24], [32]–[35]. The steady emergence of CRF58_01B between 2009 and 2011 however was not readily explained and remains unclear, although it is possible that the increased detection of CRF58_01B especially in year 2011 may be due to active transmission among PWIDs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Newly Emerging HIV-1 Recombinant Lineage (CRF58_01B) Disseminating among People Who Inject Drugs in Malaysia

et al. 2014

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The HIV epidemic is primarily characterised by the circulation of HIV-1 group M (main) comprising of 11 subtypes and sub-subtypes (A1, A2, B–D, F1, F2, G, H, J, and K) and to date 55 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). In Southeast Asia, active inter-subtype recombination involving three main circulating genotypes—subtype B (including subtype B′, the Thai variant of subtype B), CRF01_AE, and CRF33_01B—have contributed to the emergence of novel unique recombinant forms. In the present study, we conducted the molecular epidemiological surveillance of HIV-1 gag-RT genes among 258 people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between 2009 and 2011 whereby a novel CRF candidate was recently identified. The near full-length genome sequences obtained from six epidemiologically unlinked individuals showed identical mosaic structures consisting of subtype B′ and CRF01_AE, with six unique recombination breakpoints in the gag-RT, pol, and env regions. Among the high-risk population of PWIDs in Malaysia, which was predominantly infected by CRF33_01B (>70%), CRF58_01B circulated at a low but significant prevalence (2.3%, 6/258). Interestingly, the CRF58_01B shared two unique recombination breakpoints with other established CRFs in the region: CRF33_01B, CRF48_01B, and CRF53_01B in the gag gene, and CRF15_01B (from Thailand) in the env gene. Extended Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling analysis showed that CRF58_01B and other recently discovered CRFs were most likely to have originated in Malaysia, and that the recent spread of recombinant lineages in the country had little influence from neighbouring countries. The isolation, genetic characterization, and evolutionary features of CRF58_01B among PWIDs in Malaysia signify the increasingly complex HIV-1 diversity in Southeast Asia that may hold an implication on disease treatment, control, and prevention.

show abstract

The Evolving Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Malaysia

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Overview of HIV molecular epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe and Asia

Overview of HIV molecular epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe and Asia

Current trends of HIV recombination worldwide

A Newly Emerging HIV-1 Recombinant Lineage (CRF58_01B) Disseminating among People Who Inject Drugs in Malaysia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About