The evolutionary origin and domestication history of goldfish ( Carassius auratus )

Abstract

Goldfish have been subjected to over 1,000 y of intensive domestication and selective breeding. In this report, we describe a high-quality goldfish genome (2n = 100), anchoring 95.75% of contigs into 50 pseudochromosomes. Comparative genomics enabled us to disentangle the two subgenomes that resulted from an ancient hybridization event. Resequencing 185 representative goldfish variants and 16 wild crucian carp revealed the origin of goldfish and identified genomic regions that have been shaped by selective sweeps linked to its domestication. Our comprehensive collection of goldfish varieties enabled us to associate genetic variations with a number of well-known anatomical features, including features that distinguish traditional goldfish clades. Additionally, we identified a tyrosine-protein kinase receptor as a candidate causal gene for the first well-known case of Mendelian inheritance in goldfish—the transparent mutant. The goldfish genome and diversity data offer unique resources to make goldfish a promising model for functional genomics, as well as domestication.

Beyond fish eDNA metabarcoding: Field replicates disproportionately improve the detection of stream associated vertebrate species

“…For example, we found the crucian carp and goldfish ( Carassius carassius and C . auratus ), where the crucian carp is the ancestry species of the domestic goldfish (Chen et al 2020). Other closely related species we found are the white bream ( Blicca bjoerkna ) and vimba bream ( Vimba vimba ), the asp ( Leuciscus aspius ) and common bleak ( Alburnus alburnus ), and the invasive bighead and silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and H. molitrix ).…”

Susceptibility of Goldfish to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH01 Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp

“…Similar to other members of the family Alloherpesviridae within the order herpesvirales, such as CyHV-3 (KHV), CyHV-2 can remain latent in vitro and can be reactivated under stress conditions [ 10 ]. In addition, goldfish trading has become immensely popular around the world [ 15 ]. Thus, goldfish transportation without strict quarantine may enable CyHV-2 transmission.…”

“…The history of goldfish domestication and artificial breeding can be traced back thousands of years in Asia [ 13 ], and numerous morphologies and variants have been domesticated as ornamental fish to date [ 14 ]. Compared to wild and cultured crucian carp species, ornamental goldfish species have dysmorphic features such as a large head and abnormal fins, which could significantly impact their health and resistance to diseases [ 15 ].…”

The Metabolomic Response of Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) to Anoxia and Reoxygenation Differs between Tissues and Hints at Uncharacterized Survival Strategies

“…In fact, similarities between fish of the genus Carassius and other anoxia-tolerant species are few. However, the crucian carp appear to share most of the anoxia adaptations with its close relative the goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) although some of these may have been lost or reduced due to domestication [ 16 , 17 ].…”