The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant
            <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
            (MRSA)

Enright, Mark C.; Robinson, D. Ashley; Randle, Gaynor; Feil, Edward J.; Grundmann, Hajo; Spratt, Brian G.

doi:10.1073/pnas.122108599

Cited by 1,415 publications

(1,317 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In our study ST8 was associated with two SCCmec types (I and IV), a finding which supports the hypothesis of Enright et al (14). These authors proposed that ST239, which is mainly associated with SCCmec III, was derived from ST8-III by an arcC recombination (14).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Enright et al (14) reported that ST8 was associated with the four types of SCCmec, and therefore ST8-MRSA clones could have emerged by multiple independent introductions of SCCmec into the successful ST8-MSSA clone (wherein MSSA refers to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus). In our study ST8 was associated with two SCCmec types (I and IV), a finding which supports the hypothesis of Enright et al (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 24 clonal types, four were identical to one of the six pandemic MRSA clones: ST239-III/IIIA (Brazilian/Hungarian clone) were represented by nine isolates, ST5-II (New York/Japan clone) were represented by two isolates, and ST247-I (Iberian clone) and ST5-IV (Pediatric clone) were represented by one isolate each (14,29).…”

Section: Variation In Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of spaA typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and SCCmec (for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec) typing confirmed the existence of and helped to better define the nature and evolutionary relationships among the six epidemic clones (14,30). However, the evolutionary origins of minor MRSA clones and sporadic isolates are not well understood; the reason why they seem unable to spread also remains unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Sporadic Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Hospitals and Their Similarities to Isolates of Community-Acquired MRSA

2003

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Forty-one methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) hospital isolates that clearly differed from the six major pandemic clones of MRSA in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type, mecA and Tn554 polymorphism, and epidemic behavior were selected from an international strain collection for more detailed characterization. SpaA typing, multilocus sequence typing, and SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec) typing demonstrated extensive diversity among these sporadic isolates both in genetic background and also in the structure of the associated SCCmec elements. Nevertheless, the isolates could be grouped into restricted clonal complexes by using the BURST (i.e., based upon related sequence types) program algorithm, which predicted that most sporadic MRSA isolates evolved from pandemic MRSA clones. Several of the sporadic MRSA resembled community-acquired MRSA isolates in properties that included a relatively limited multiresistance pattern, faster growth rates, diversity of genetic backgrounds, and a frequent association with SCCmec type IV.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variation In Thementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Sporadic Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Hospitals and Their Similarities to Isolates of Community-Acquired MRSA

2003

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“…This, in turn, depends on the particular question being addressed, as some questions require more discrimination among specimens than others. To use the clinical setting as an example: very high resolution is necessary for the detection of outbreaks and the investigation of within-patient variation 43 ; lower resolution is required to determine the membership of a particular clonal complex or lineage 61 ; and even lower resolution is sufficient for determining the species causing an infection 37,62,63 . The gene-bygene approach is inherently hierarchical and scalable, as fewer genes can be used for lowerresolution typing, whereas higher levels of resolution can be attained by increasing the number of genes included in the analysis.…”

Section: Post-wgs Cataloguing Of Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics

et al. 2013

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Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was proposed in 1998 as a portable sequence-based method for identifying clonal relationships among bacteria. Today, in the whole-genome era of microbiology, the need for systematic, standardized descriptions of bacterial genotypic variation remains a priority. Here, to meet this need, we draw on the successes of MLST and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to propose a hierarchical gene-by-gene approach that reflects functional and evolutionary relationships and catalogues bacteria 'from domain to strain'. Our gene-based typing approach using online platforms such as the Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database (BIGSdb) allows the scalable organization and analysis of whole-genome sequence data.Advances in nucleotide-sequencing technology have provided unparalleled access to the enormous genetic diversity that has accumulated in the bacterial domain during 3.5-4 billion years of evolution 1 . Numerous sets of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for bacterial isolates (BOX 1) are available 2 , and metagenomic studies using these technologies continue to reveal further, seemingly boundless, diversity in bacterial communities 3 . Faced with this plethora of information, microbiologists must develop structured means of describing this diversity and of linking phenotype and genotype, thereby facilitating an improved understanding of the microbiological world. Given that we have precise information on the function of only a very small proportion of bacterial genes, and no knowledge at all about most, this is a formidable, if extremely exciting, challenge.Here, we focus primarily on pathogenic bacteria, although the concepts discussed are applicable more widely to all bacteria and archaea. Bacterial pathogens played a crucial part in the development of experimental microbiology and remain the most intensively studied prokaryotes more than 100 years later 4 . Pathogens have emerged across the diversity of the bacterial -but, interestingly, not the archaeal -domain on many occasions and are both polyphyletic and highly diverse. Thus, although pathogens represent only a tiny subset of the bacterial world, the challenges faced by the clinical microbiology laboratory are representative of those faced by microbiology as a whole.Taxonomic and functional analyses are based on the observations that diversity among bacteria is not continuous and that distinct, stable types with particular properties exist 5 . These founding principles of microbiology 6 have been upheld by much subsequent research, but the study of such clusters remains largely descriptive, and the evolutionary mechanisms that led to cluster emergence and persistence remain incompletely understood 7,8 . Structuring is also evident within bacterial genomes, as diversity is unevenly distributed among genes Pre-WGS cataloguing of diversityA major advance in defining bacterial diversity was the proposal, by the late Carl Woese and colleagues, of a universal and 'natural' -that is, genealogical -classification system based on small-su...

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