The evolutionary history of Fagus in western Eurasia: Evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record

Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Stögerer, Karin; Langer, Max C.; Hemleben, Vera

doi:10.1007/s006060200044

Cited by 85 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Studies with cpDNA, allozymes and fossil pollen data are in accordance with the recolonization of Europe from one refuge or from several undifferentiated refuges in southeastern Europe (DEMESURE et al, 1996, GÖMÖRY et al, 1999, HUNTLEY and BIRKS, 1983. Isolation of populations during cold phases of the Pleistocene resulted in the formation of different geographical races in refugial areas (DENK et al, 2002). Cluster analysis of morphological characters (leaf and fruit characters) distinguished two morphotypes corresponding to European Fagus (F. sylvatica L. and F. sylvatica var.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…orientalis (Lipsky) Greuter & Burdet) (DENK et al, 2002). Clinal variation of morphological characters and low resolution of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) cladograms suggested that F. sylvatica, F. orientalis and morphologically intermediate F. moesiaca can be regarded as a single species (DENK et al, 2002). However, distribution ranges of eastern beech and European beech are supposed to be quite distinct with only a small contact zone in south eastern Europe indicating a limited gene flow between taxa (GÖMÖRY et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The marker system is also applied in F. orientalis samples from two forest botanical gardens. The following questions are addressed: (1) Are F. sylvatica and F. orientalis two distinct (allopatric) species or is there evidence for gene exchange suggested by the clinal variation of morphological characters (DENK et al, 2002)? (2) Is the marker system applicable for the identification of plant material from unknown origin (for example, from botanical gardens)?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nuclear Markers (AFLPs) and Chloroplast Microsatellites Differ Between Fagus sylvatica and F. orientalis

Gailing

Wuehlisch

2004

Silvae Genetica

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Former studies based on chloroplast markers and allozymes suggested that postglacial recolonization of central Europe by Fagus sylvatica L. occurred from one or a few undifferentiated refuges. Here, we examine F. sylvatica from Germany and Greece and different provenances of F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis (Lipsky) Greut & Burd. (F. orientalis Lipsky) with chloroplast microsatellites and AFLP markers. Only such AFLP markers were selected that had shown a differential amplification in F. sylvatica and F. orientalis in a preliminary analysis. UPGMA cluster analysis of AFLP data distinguished one F. sylvatica group and one F. orientalis group from northern Turkey. Low structuring in the neighborjoining analysis and the lack of diagnostic bands for either taxon suggests a relatively recent differentiation in Fagus orientalis and F. sylvatica. High bootstrap values were only found for a separate cluster that comprises F. orientalis from two different forest botanical gardens. Four of these samples have a unique chloroplast type and are genetically very similar (bootstrap value 96) mostly likely due to clonal replication. Only two different chloroplast types (type 1 in Germany, type 1 and type 2 in Greece) could be detected for F. sylvatica. In contrast, F. orientalis from northern Turkey showed different chloroplast types even within one provenance pointing to a glacial refuge in northern Turkey and a bottleneck at the time of postglacial recolonization of central Europe. The classification of ten samples from northern Turkey as F. sylvatica by AFLP data, chloroplast markers and morphology questions the interpretation of F. orientalis and F. sylvatica as two geographically separated (allopatric) taxa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nuclear Markers (AFLPs) and Chloroplast Microsatellites Differ Between Fagus sylvatica and F. orientalis

Gailing

Wuehlisch

2004

Silvae Genetica

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“…However, many species-level associations are problematic and studies that clarify systematic affinities of fossil taxa are either not available or rarely considered in the Palaeoflora database (Grimm and Denk, 2012). Examples of such taxa critical to palaeoclimate reconstructions include Engelhardioideae (Manchester, 1987;Manos et al, 2007) and the Fagaceae genera Fagus and Quercus (Denk et al, 2002(Denk et al, , 2005Grimm, 2009a, 2009b;Grimm and Denk, 2010). According to Utescher et al (2014), the Palaeoflora database includes association information of c. 5800 macrofossil taxa and c. 2500 microfossil taxa (ranging across species, genera and families), but this information cannot be tested based on available documentation (www.palaeoflora.…”

Section: The Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fables and foibles: A critical analysis of the Palaeoflora database and the Coexistence Approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction

Grimm

Bouchal

Denk

et al. 2016

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

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The 'Coexistence Approach' is a mutual climate range (MCR) technique combined with the nearest-living relative (NLR) concept. It has been widely used for palaeoclimate reconstructions based on Eurasian plant fossil assemblages; most of them palynofloras (studied using light microscopy). The results have been surprisingly uniform, typically converging to subtropical, per-humid or monsoonal conditions. Studies based on the Coexistence Approach have had a marked impact in literature, generating over 10,000 citations thus far. However, recent studies have pointed out inherent theoretical and practical problems entangled in the application of this widely used method. But so far little is known how results generated by the Coexistence Approach are affected by subjective errors, data errors, and violations of the basic assumptions. The majority of Coexistence Approach studies make use of the Palaeoflora database (the combination of which will be abbreviated to CA + PF). Testing results produced by CA + PF studies has been hindered by the general unavailability of the contents in the underlying Palaeoflora database; two exceptions are the mean-annual temperature tolerances and lists of assigned associations between fossils and nearest-living relatives. Using a recently published study on the Eocene of China, which provides the first and only insight into the data structure of the Palaeoflora database, we compare the theory and practice of Coexistence Approach using the Palaeoflora database (CA + PF). We show that CA + PF is riddled by association and climate data error. We reveal flaws in the application of the Coexistence Approach, which is often in stark contrast to the theory of the method. We show that CA + PF is highly vulnerable against numerous sources of errors, mainly because it lacks safeguards that could identify unreliable data. We demonstrate that the CA + PF produces coherent, pseudo-precise results even for artificially generated, random plant assemblages. Alternative MCR-NLR methods can surpass the most imminent deficits of the Coexistence Approach, and may be used as a stop-gap until more accurate bioclimatic and distribution data on potential Eurasian NLRs, and theoretically and statistically robust methods will become available. Finally, general guidelines are provided for the future application of methods using the mutual climatic range with nearest living relatives approach when reconstructing climate from plant fossil assemblages.

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The reticulate origin of modern plane trees (Platanus, Platanaceae): A nuclear marker puzzle

Grimm

Denk

2010

TAXON

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Hybridization plays a major role in speciation. However, hybridization and reticulate evolution in general are poorly understood in tree species because genetic documentation is often missing. Analyses of biparentally inherited gene regions allow detection of reticulate signals. Multicopy and single-copy nuclear markers may show significant intraindividual variability owing to reticulation processes. Naturally, such processes induce incompatible phylogenetic signal resulting in incongruent genealogies. Data from three nuclear markers, two multicopy nrDNA spacers, and the single-copy 2nd intron of the LEAFY gene, mirror ancient and recent horizontal gene flow in plane trees (Platanus). In addition to previously assembled data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the 35S ribosomal DNA, we found atypical 5S rDNA intergenic spacer sequences (5S-IGS) causing significant intra-and interindividual polymorphism, and a conspicuous LEAFY intron dimorphism. A detailed framework of reticulate molecular evolution of Platanus can be erected using splits graphs based on distances between cloned sequences or individuals, and competing topologies. Two hundred and sixty-one 5S-IGS sequences and LEAFY genotyping of 71 individuals via sequence analysis and PCR-RFLP support a previous ITS study (including pseudogenous and non-pseudogenous variants) suggesting that the modern North American taxa P. rzedowskii and P. occidentalis var. palmeri are the result of ancient hybridization. Platanus occidentalis var. palmeri requires taxonomic revision and is provisionally treated at species rank.

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The evolutionary history of Fagus in western Eurasia: Evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record

Cited by 85 publications

References 32 publications

Nuclear Markers (AFLPs) and Chloroplast Microsatellites Differ Between Fagus sylvatica and F. orientalis

Nuclear Markers (AFLPs) and Chloroplast Microsatellites Differ Between Fagus sylvatica and F. orientalis

Fables and foibles: A critical analysis of the Palaeoflora database and the Coexistence Approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction

The reticulate origin of modern plane trees (Platanus, Platanaceae): A nuclear marker puzzle

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