The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

Pomeroy, Laura W.; Bjørnstad, Ottar N.; Holmes, Edward C.

doi:10.1007/s00239-007-9040-x

Cited by 97 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In addition, the genetic diversity found within the different sublineages of HMPV was of a very recent origin, and HMPV as a whole was characterized by low levels of standing genetic variation (as reflected in estimates of N e t). Such limited genetic diversity, which is also characteristic of human influenza A virus (Rambaut et al, 2008), as well as other paramyxoviruses (Pomeroy et al, 2008) is most likely due to repeated (annual) population bottlenecks, which periodically purge genetic variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses

Graaf

Osterhaus

Fouchier

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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Human (HMPV) and avian (AMPV) metapneumoviruses are closely related viruses that cause respiratory tract illnesses in humans and birds, respectively. Although HMPV was first discovered in 2001, retrospective studies have shown that HMPV has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years. AMPV was first isolated in the 1970s, and can be classified into four subgroups, A-D. AMPV subgroup C is more closely related to HMPV than to any other AMPV subgroup, suggesting that HMPV has emerged from AMPV-C upon zoonosis. Presently, at least four genetic lineages of HMPV circulate in human populations -A1, A2, B1 and B2 -of which lineages A and B are antigenically distinct. We used a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework to determine the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of HMPV and AMPV-C. The rates of nucleotide substitution, relative genetic diversity and time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) were estimated using large sets of sequences of the nucleoprotein, the fusion protein and attachment protein genes. The sampled genetic diversity of HMPV was found to have arisen within the past 119-133 years, with consistent results across all three genes, while the TMRCA for HMPV and AMPV-C was estimated to have existed around 200 years ago. The relative genetic diversity observed in the four HMPV lineages was low, most likely reflecting continual population bottlenecks, with only limited evidence for positive selection. INTRODUCTIONHuman metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen that was first described in 2001 (van den Hoogen et al., 2001). HMPV causes respiratory illnesses ranging from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe lower respiratory tract disease (van den Hoogen et al., 2001(van den Hoogen et al., , 2003Williams et al., 2004). HMPV is an enveloped, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus and was classified as a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, the subfamily Pneumovirinae, the genus Metapneumovirus. HPMV seroprevalence in the human population reaches 100 % by the age of five (van den Hoogen et al., 2001). Experimental HMPV infections in macaques have been shown to induce transient protection , which is in agreement with relatively frequent occurrences of reinfection in humans (Ebihara et al., 2004). HMPV can be divided in two main genetic lineages (A and B), each consisting of at least two sublineages -A1, A2, B1 and B2 (van den Hoogen et al., 2004). Annual circulation of all four lineages has been observed worldwide, with reports of a predominating strain changing on a yearly basis in some studies, but not in others (Galiano et al., 2006;Sloots et al., 2006;van den Hoogen et al., 2004).The only other member of the genus Metapneumovirus is avian metapneumovirus (AMPV). AMPV has been found to infect domestic poultry worldwide, causing acute respiratory infections (Cook, 2000b). AMPVs have been classified into four subgroups, A through to D (BayonAuboyer et al., 1999;Eterradossi et al., 1995;Juhasz & Easton, 1994;Seal, 1998). AMPV subgroups A and B were first detected in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses

Graaf

Osterhaus

Fouchier

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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“…Phylogenetic analysis performed on different genes showed MV and RPV to be the closest viruses within morbilliviruses (Diallo et al, 1994;Minet et al, 2009). However to shed light on the evolutionary history of morbilliviruses, Bayesian coalescence approaches have been used to estimate the phylogenetic split that occurred among the ancestral viruses of MV and RPV (Pomeroy et al, 2008;Furuse et al, 2010) and to put a new perspective on PPRV modern evolution as reported in a recent analysis by Muniraju et al (2013).…”

Section: Origin Of Pprvmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Evolutionary history leading to the diversity now shown for PPR was a relative fast phenomenon. As a comparison, the diversity of the MV may have emerged in humans within the last 70 years, an even more recent episode (Pomeroy et al, 2008).…”

Section: Origin Of Pprvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of peste des petits ruminants virus

2014

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“…Canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus, was first described in 1905 (48). CDV most commonly affects dogs and causes gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms as well as neurological symptoms.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

Shan

Wang³

et al. 2011

J Virol

178

149

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California sea lions are one of the major marine mammal species along the Pacific coast of North America. Sea lions are susceptible to a wide variety of viruses, some of which can be transmitted to or from terrestrial mammals. Using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we surveyed the fecal virome in California sea lions of different ages and health statuses. Averages of 1.6 and 2.5 distinct mammalian viral species were shed by pups and juvenile sea lions, respectively. Previously undescribed mammalian viruses from four RNA virus families (Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae) and one DNA virus family (Parvoviridae) were characterized. The first complete or partial genomes of sapeloviruses, sapoviruses, noroviruses, and bocavirus in marine mammals are reported. Astroviruses and bocaviruses showed the highest prevalence and abundance in California sea lion feces. The diversity of bacteriophages was higher in unweaned sea lion pups than in juveniles and animals in rehabilitation, where the phage community consisted largely of phages related to the family Microviridae. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in marine mammals, highlights the high rate of enteric viral infections in these highly social carnivores, and may be used as a baseline viral survey for comparison with samples from California sea lions during unexplained disease outbreaks.California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) have a population of approximately 240,000 and along with seals and walruses are members of the subgroup Pinnipedia in the suborder Caniformia in the order Carnivora. They inhabit mainland shorelines and coastal islands along the west coast of North America and migrate along the coast during the nonbreeding season. California sea lions are strict carnivores, eating a variety of marine prey, including more than 50 species of fishes and cephalopods. Sea lion pups start eating fish at about 5 months of age, in addition to their mother's milk; are weaned at 10 to 12 months old; and can live up to 15 to 25 years. California sea lions are gregarious animals, forming large rookeries at breeding sites, and aggregate at high densities on haul-out sites (7).California sea lions share beaches and coastal waters with humans, often resting on human-made structures such as docks and boats, and are affected by pathogens and chemicals that enter coastal waters through runoff and sewage outfalls (5). Features of California sea lions, including their large population, wide geographic distribution and migration, gregarious nature, long life span, and shared environment with humans, may favor the transmission of viruses among themselves and to and/or from humans and other mammals.A commonly reported sea lion virus is San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), a calicivirus in the genus Vesivirus. SMSV was first isolated from California sea lions from San Miguel Island in 1972 (53). SMSV causes vesicular lesions of the skin and mucosa, abortion, pneumonia, and encephalitis in sea lions and is transmissible to sw...

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The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

Cited by 97 publications

References 27 publications

Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses

Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses

Evolutionary genetics underlying the spread of peste des petits ruminants virus

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

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