The evolution of the tattoo in defiance of the immutable definition of deviance: current perceptions by law enforcement of tattooed arrestees

An unintended consequence? Examining the relationship between visible tattoos and unwanted sexual attention

“…Previous research has found that younger individuals, non-Caucasians, and males are more likely to bear tattoos (Heywood et al, 2012; Laumann & Derick, 2006). These groups are also more likely to rebel, and rebelliousness is one of the most frequently cited motives for acquiring a tattoo (Camacho & Brown, 2018). Moreover, younger individuals, non-Caucasians, and females have been found to be the most likely victims of unwanted sexual attention (Kearl, 2018; Leskinen, Cortina, & Kabat, 2011; O'Connell & Korabik, 2000).…”

“…Since those with tattoos may be stereotyped as more sexually promiscuous and as thrill seekers (Swami & Furnham, 2007; Wohlrab, Fink, Kappeler, & Brewer, 2009), perpetrators could believe that visibly tattooed individuals are not averse to sexual attention in the workplace. They may also perceive tattooed individuals as more willing to break workplace norms (Camacho & Brown, 2018; Langman, 2008). In this regard, perpetrators may view visibly tattooed employees as willing participants in a sexual exchange.…”

Rap music, race, and perceptions of crime

“…For example, sociologists and criminologists can explore how racialized attitudes about culture are linked to criminal justice decision making (e.g., arrest, sentencing, and probation). Prior studies have already examined the relationship between appearance characteristics (e.g., clothing choices and tattoos) and arrest decisions (e.g., Camacho & Brown, ; Dabney et al, ), yet research rarely examines how the race of the offender mediates this relationship. Research also does not often explore the types of character attributions made based on cultural expressions (e.g., violent natured), nor how these attributions contribute to criminal justice outcomes, a relevant site of exploration given concerns that racial discrimination is now more covert and culture‐centered.…”

The Relationship Between Tattoos and Employee Workplace Deviance

“…Because of their association with “heathen” culture and exotic locations, tattoos were viewed initially as deviant. The importation of tattoos to North America occurred around the late 1700s via sailors adorned with tribal tattoo designs (Camacho & Brown, 2018). Tattoos were first linked with criminality in the late 1800s, as documented in Cesare Lombroso’s analysis among tattoos, personality, and criminality among soldiers (Lombroso & Lombroso, 1972).…”

“…Research in nonemployment contexts has generally demonstrated that there is an association between tattoos and different forms of deviant behavior. For example, Camacho and Brown (2018) found that being tattooed was associated with a felony charge, a more serious form of deviant behavior, in a sample of juvenile detainees. Braithwaite et al (2001), also with a sample of juvenile detainees, found evidence that being tattooed was indicative of alcohol, marijuana, and sedative use.…”