The Evolution of the Malaria Clinic: The Cornerstone of Malaria Elimination in Thailand

Sudathip, Prayuth; Kitchakarn, Suravadee; Thimasarn, Krongthong; Gopinath, Deyer; Naing, Tinzar; Sajjad, Omar; Hengprasert, Sumetha

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed4040143

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Blood is taken for microscopy from all members living in the index patient's house and all neighbors living around the index patient's house, aiming for at least 50 blood samples or 10 households within a 1-kilometer radius. Additional foci response activities include vector control (distributing ITNs to reach 90% coverage at 1 bed net per 2 persons or indoor residual spraying [IRS] of at least 90% of households) and health education [4]. These data are stored in the MIS in a designated foci registry.…”

Section: Foci Investigation and Response Within 7 Daysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GMS comprises Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand, which are all showing notable declines in malaria burden [2]. GMS countries are approaching the challenge using several tailored malaria elimination strategies, including distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), expanded networks of village health workers, and case-based surveillance and response [3,4]. transmission [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation and Success Factors from Thailand’s 1-3-7 Surveillance Strategy for Malaria Elimination

Lertpiriyasuwat¹,

Sudathip²,

Kitchakarn³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Thailand’s National Malaria Elimination Strategy 2017–2026 introduced the 1-3-7 strategy as a robust surveillance and response approach for elimination that would prioritize timely, evidence-based action. Under this strategy, cases are reported within 1 day, cases are investigated within 3 days, and foci are investigated and responded to within 7 days, building on Thailand’s long history of conducting case investigation since the 1980s. However, the hallmark of the 1-3-7 strategy is timeliness, with strict deadlines for reporting and response to accelerate elimination. This paper outlines Thailand’s experience adapting and implementing the 1-3-7 strategy, including success factors such as a cross-sectoral Steering Committee, participation in a collaborative regional partnership, and flexible local budgets. The program continues to evolve to ensure prompt and high-quality case management, capacity maintenance, and adequate supply of lifesaving commodities based on surveillance data. Results from implementation suggest the 1-3-7 strategy has contributed to Thailand’s decline in malaria burden; this experience may be useful for other countries aiming to eliminate malaria.

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Section: Foci Investigation and Response Within 7 Daysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation and Success Factors from Thailand’s 1-3-7 Surveillance Strategy for Malaria Elimination

Lertpiriyasuwat¹,

Sudathip²,

Kitchakarn³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Thailand’s 90-year history of implementing malaria interventions [ 1 ] has resulted in significant progress in reducing the incidence of malaria to < 1 case per 1,000 people. By 2018, 81 % (55.9 million) of the population was living in malaria-free areas, 17 % (11.6 million) in low-transmission areas (0–1 cases per 1000 people), and 2 % (1.5 million) in high-transmission areas (> 1 cases per 1000 people) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A foci cohort analysis to monitor successful and persistent foci under Thailand’s Malaria Elimination Strategy

Sudathip

Kitchakarn

Shah³

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background Thailand’s success in reducing malaria burden is built on the efficient “1-3-7” strategy applied to the surveillance system. The strategy is based on rapid case notification within 1 day, case investigation within 3 days, and targeted foci response to reduce the spread of Plasmodium spp. within 7 days. Autochthonous transmission is still occurring in the country, threatening the goal of reaching malaria-free status by 2024. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the 1-3-7 strategy and identify factors associated with presence of active foci. Methods Data from the national malaria information system were extracted from fiscal years 2013 to 2019; after data cleaning, the final dataset included 81,012 foci. A Cox’s proportional hazards model was built to investigate factors linked with the probability of becoming an active focus from 2015 to 2019 among foci that changed status from non-active to active focus during the study period. We performed a model selection technique based on the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). Results The number of yearly active foci decreased from 2227 to 2013 to 700 in 2019 (68.5 %), and the number of autochthonous cases declined from 17,553 to 3,787 (78.4 %). The best Cox’s hazard model showed that foci in which vector control interventions were required were 18 % more likely to become an active focus. Increasing compliance with the 1-3-7 strategy had a protective effect, with a 22 % risk reduction among foci with over 80 % adherence to 1-3-7 timeliness protocols. Other factors associated with likelihood to become or remain an active focus include previous classification as an active focus, presence of Plasmodium falciparum infections, level of forest disturbance, and location in border provinces. Conclusions These results identified factors that favored regression of non-active foci to active foci during the study period. The model and relative risk map align with the national malaria program’s district stratification and shows strong spatial heterogeneity, with high probability to record active foci in border provinces. The results of the study may be useful for honing Thailand’s program to eliminate malaria and for other countries aiming to accelerate malaria elimination.

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“…Arboviral diseases impact human and/or veterinary health in Thailand. Important vector-borne diseases affecting humans in Thailand include dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), leishmaniasis, malaria, and rickettsial diseases [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Other vector-borne viruses of lesser importance recorded from Thailand include Tembusu virus , Kaeng Khoi virus and tick-borne viruses (e.g., Langat virus) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Arboviral Threats and Their Potential Vectors in Thailand

Raksakoon

Potiwat

2021

Pathogens

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Arthropod-borne viral diseases (arboviruses) are a public-health concern in many regions of the world, including Thailand. This review describes the potential vectors and important human and/or veterinary arboviruses in Thailand. The medically important arboviruses affect humans, while veterinary arboviruses affect livestock and the economy. The main vectors described are mosquitoes, but other arthropods have been reported. Important mosquito-borne arboviruses are transmitted mainly by members of the genus Aedes (e.g., dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus) and Culex (e.g., Japanese encephalitis, Tembusu and West Nile virus). While mosquitoes are important vectors, arboviruses are transmitted via other vectors, such as sand flies, ticks, cimicids (Family Cimicidae) and Culicoides. Veterinary arboviruses are reported in this review, e.g., duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), Kaeng Khoi virus (KKV), and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). During arbovirus outbreaks, to target control interventions appropriately, it is critical to identify the vector(s) involved and their ecology. Knowledge of the prevalence of these viruses, and the potential for viral infections to co-circulate in mosquitoes, is also important for outbreak prediction.

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The Evolution of the Malaria Clinic: The Cornerstone of Malaria Elimination in Thailand

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Implementation and Success Factors from Thailand’s 1-3-7 Surveillance Strategy for Malaria Elimination

Implementation and Success Factors from Thailand’s 1-3-7 Surveillance Strategy for Malaria Elimination

A foci cohort analysis to monitor successful and persistent foci under Thailand’s Malaria Elimination Strategy

Current Arboviral Threats and Their Potential Vectors in Thailand

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