The evolution of the centrifugal visual system of vertebrates. A cladistic analysis and new hypotheses

Repérant, J; Médina, Monique; Ward, Roger; Miceli, D.; Кенигфест, Н. Б.; Rio, J.P.; Vesselkin, N. P.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.08.004

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 298 publications

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“…While a similar feedback loop exists in birds and crocodiles, in these organisms the dendrites of the centrifugal neurons do not penetrate the optic tectum, and the feedback loop contains an additional mono-or polysynaptic pathway (cf. Repérant et al 1989Repérant et al , 2006Repérant et al , 2007Uchiyama 1989;Ward et al 1991;Médina et al 2004). …”

Section: Retinal Terminals (At1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synaptic circuitry in the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). A combined hodological, GABA and glutamate immunocytochemical study

et al. 2009

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The ultrastructure of the retinorecipient layers of the lamprey optic tectum was analysed using tract tracing techniques combined with GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry. Two types of neurons were identified; a population of large GABA-immunonegative cells, and a population of smaller, highly GABA-immunoreactive interneurons, some of whose dendrites contain synaptic vesicles (DCSV). Five types of axon terminals were identified and divided into two major categories. The first of these are GABA-immunonegative, highly glutamate-immunoreactive, contain round synaptic vesicles, make asymmetrical synaptic contacts, and can in turn be divided into AT1 and AT2 terminals. The AT1 terminals are those of the retinotectal projection. The origin of the nonretinal AT2 terminals could not be determined. AT1 and AT2 terminals establish synaptic contacts with DCSV, with dendrites of the retinopetal neurons (DRN), and with conventional dendritic (D) profiles. The terminals of the second category are GABA-immunoreactive and can similarly be divided into AT3 and AT4 terminals. The AT3 terminals contain pleiomorphic synaptic vesicles and make symmetrical synaptic contacts for the most part with glutamate-immunoreactive D profiles. The AT4 terminals contain rounded synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical synaptic contacts with DRN, with DCSV, and with D profiles. A fifth, rarely observed category of terminals (AT5) contain both clear synaptic vesicles and a large number of dense-core vesicles. Synaptic triads involving AT1, AT2 or AT4 terminals are rare. Our findings are compared to these of previous studies of the fine structure and immunochemical properties of the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum or superior colliculus of Gnathostomes.

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Section: Retinal Terminals (At1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synaptic circuitry in the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). A combined hodological, GABA and glutamate immunocytochemical study

et al. 2009

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“…Also, GnRHR was identified in the retina of four coral reef fishes [46]. In mammals, data are extremely scarce and result from isolated observations in a small number of species like rhesus macaque, opossum, vole, bat and rat [47,48]. Because GnRH mRNA is present in the retina, GnRH may act through paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms within the retina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Analysis of Two Novel Sites of Rat GnRH Receptor Gene Promoter Activity: The Pineal Gland and Retina

Schang

Bleux²,

Mc³

et al. 2012

Neuroendocrinology

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Background and Aims: In mammals, activation of pituitary GnRH receptor (GnRHR) by hypothalamic GnRH increases the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH, which, in turn, regulate gonadal functions. However, GnRHR gene (Gnrhr) expression is not restricted to the pituitary. Methods: To gain insight into the extrapituitary expression of Gnrhr, a transgenic mouse model that expresses the human placental alkaline phosphatase reporter gene driven by the rat Gnrhr promoter was created. Results: This study shows that the rat Gnrhr promoter is operative in two functionally related organs, the pineal gland, as early as embryonic day (E) 13.5, and the retina where activity was only detected at E17.5. Accordingly, Gnrhr mRNA were present in both tissues. Transcription factors known to regulate Gnrhr promoter activity such as the LIM homeodomain factors LHX3 and ISL1 were also detected in the retina. Furthermore, transient transfection studies in CHO and gonadotrope cells revealed that OTX2, a major transcription factor in both pineal and retina cell differentiation, is able to activate the Gnrhr promoter together with either CREB or PROP1, depending on the cell context. Conclusion: Rather than using alternate promoters, Gnrhr expression is directed to diverse cell lineages through specific associations of transcription factors acting on distinct response elements along the same promoter. These data open new avenues regarding GnRH-mediated control of seasonal and circadian rhythms in reproductive physiology.

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“…It has been known for a long time that the centrifugal visual system is composed of very thin fibers which are unmyelinated and their number varies in different species, 10 vs. 10000 in human and chicken, respectively [18]. We utilized the retrograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA 10,000 MW) injected into the vitreous body and the anterograde transport of an iontophoretically applied tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) to the location where the majority of the labeled cells was expected.…”

Section: Neurons Sending Efferent To Mammalian Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several structures were proposed to be the origin of these fibers: the reticular formation of the brain stem [15], the superior colliculus [16] and the lateral geniculate nucleus [17]. A decade ago the intracerebral location of the retinopetal neurons, the mode of intraretinal arborisations of the centrifugal fibres and the nature of their targets, their neurochemical properties, and the afferent supplies of these neurons were summarized by Reperant et al [18]. They have stated that the centrifugal visual system is not a homogeneous entity formed by neurons with a common embryological origin, but rather a collection of at least eight distinct subsystems arising in very different regions of the neuraxis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Research on the Centrifugal Visual System in Mammalian Species

Köves¹,

Csáki²,

Vereczki³

2016

Anat Physiol

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Ample evidence indicates that both retinofugal (classical visual and the retino-hypothalamic pathways) and retinopetal connections (centrifugal visual system) are found between the eye and the central nervous system. More than hundred years ago Ramon Y Cajal and Dogiel, whose names are very well known by neuro-anatomists, described the termination pattern of the fibers deriving from the avian central nervous system. However, the location of nerve cell bodies was not known at that time. In the last century many data accumulated about these neurons not only in lower vertebrates but in mammals as well. The structures where the neurons give rise to the centrifugal visual fibres in mammals are the following: reticular formation and raphe nuclei of the midbrain, superior colliculus, pretectum, gray matter of the midbrain, dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, habenula, indusium griseum, hypothalamic supraoptic, Paraiventricular and arcuate nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamus. The centrifugal visual fibers enter the optic nerve layer, then reach the inner plexiform layer and terminate in the inner nulear layer of the retina in the vicinity of the amacrine cells. A series of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters was described in the origin of the centrifugal visual system. These are the followings: luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, serotonin, histamine and leu-enkephalin. Several hypotheses arose on the function of this system. Centrifugal visual system arising from the histaminergic mammillary neurons modifies the sleep/wake cycle. Hallucinogenic drugs through the limbic system may cause disturbance of visual function and result in seeing visual hallucinations or distorted images.

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The evolution of the centrifugal visual system of vertebrates. A cladistic analysis and new hypotheses

Cited by 38 publications

References 298 publications

Synaptic circuitry in the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). A combined hodological, GABA and glutamate immunocytochemical study

Synaptic circuitry in the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). A combined hodological, GABA and glutamate immunocytochemical study

Identification and Analysis of Two Novel Sites of Rat GnRH Receptor Gene Promoter Activity: The Pineal Gland and Retina

Recent Research on the Centrifugal Visual System in Mammalian Species

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