The Evolution of Social Organisation in Lorisiformes

Poindexter, Stephanie A.; Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola

doi:10.1017/9781108676526.012

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1,036 publications

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“…We therefore used group size as one measure of sociality. Average group sizes were similar to other populations of species of Galago (Poindexter & Nekaris, 2020). Group size was significantly greater at Kwakuchinja (and did not vary across the night) than at Fongoli and LHR, where the majority of observations were of lone individuals.…”

Section: Galagid Socialitysupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Quantifying group size may be the easiest way to measure animal sociality (Reiczigel et al, 2008), but observations of social behaviour, including conspecific interactions and sleeping associations, enhance our understanding of social relationships within a species (Clark, 1985;Kutsukake, 2009;Poindexter & Nekaris, 2020). Primate social complexity increased over evolutionary time (Opie et al, 2012), but recent studies support the view that social complexity is not limited to highly gregarious, diurnal primate species (Müller & Thalmann, 2000), and although many nocturnal primates do not forage in groups, they maintain social networks during the night through both vocal and olfactory communication (Clark, 1985;Poindexter & Nekaris, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity Budget and Sociality of the Northern Lesser Galago, Galago senegalensis

Ellison,

Jones,

Cain

et al. 2023

Int J Primatol

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Complex sociality in primates often is argued to have evolved after the appearance of diurnal activity. Studying the behaviour of nocturnal primates is fundamental to understanding the evolutionary origins of primate behaviour and ecology, yet much less is known about the nature of sociality in nocturnal primate species than their diurnal counterparts. We investigated group size, communication, and social interactions in free-ranging, Northern lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis) and present an activity budget and assessment of temporal variation in their behaviour. We collected continuous behavioural data using focal follows at three different stages of the night from individuals at Kwakuchinja, Northern Tanzania. We also collected group size data from Northern lesser galagos at Fongoli, Southeastern Senegal, and Lolldaiga Hills Ranch, Central Kenya. We categorised behaviours and, where sample sizes permitted, used Kruskal–Wallis tests to compare the durations of observed behaviours between the morning (pre-dawn), evening (from dusk), and later in the night. We analysed 140 focal follows (31.4 h of continuous behavioural data) and found that the proportion of time spent foraging, inactive, in locomotion, in self-maintenance, and vigilant, varied across the three stages of the night; galagos spent a great deal of their time inactive in the morning and foraging was more prevalent in the evening. Group size at Kwakuchinja was significantly larger than at Fongoli or LHR. Galagos were in groups of two or more in the majority of encounters at Kwakuchinja (55%; N = 76), rather than alone, but spent most of their nighttime activity alone at Fongoli (79%; N = 185) and LHR (80%; N = 142). Overall vocalisation rates were higher in the morning than other times throughout the night, although contact calls were relatively more frequent in the evening than other times. We recorded both affiliative and agonistic social interactions, but these contributed almost nothing to the overall activity budget. Our preliminary investigation into the social structure of Northern lesser galagos suggests that there are population differences in sociality and that overall, they connect more through vocalisations than through direct social interactions, thereby avoiding some of the potential costs associated with group-living. This variation in social organization suggests that we have more to learn about the drivers of sociality in nocturnal primates and the nature of their social structure.

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Section: Galagid Socialitysupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity Budget and Sociality of the Northern Lesser Galago, Galago senegalensis

Ellison,

Jones,

Cain

et al. 2023

Int J Primatol

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“…Activity budgets differ across species and studies, with the proportions of social behaviors ranging from 0%-18% (Nekaris, 2014;Rode-Margono, Nijman, Wirdateti., & Nekaris, 2014). Overall, the current available evidence suggests that slow lorises are more social than previously thought, and form some groups (Wiens & Zitzmann, 2003), including dispersed family groups (Javan slow loris and greater slow loris), and polygynous groups (pygmy slow loris) (Poindexter & Nekaris, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Yamanashi

Nemoto

Alejandro

2020

Preprint

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Little is known about the social behavior of pygmy slow lorises, in particular, the social relationships of same sex individuals have rarely been investigated. The Slow Loris Conservation Centre was built at the Japan Monkey Centre to enhance the welfare of confiscated slow lorises, promote their conservation, improve public education and perform scientific research on the species. In the course of improving housing conditions, several same-sex pairs of pygmy slow lorises were formed. We monitored their behaviors and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels to understand whether male same sex pairings could be a feasible management strategy. The subjects were 10 male and 6 female lorises for comparison, all of whom were over five years old. We successfully formed five pairs of male lorises after eight formation attempts. Male pairs initially showed some aggressive behaviors; however, the rate decreased approximately 10 days after introduction. All of the male pairs eventually exhibited extensive affiliative social behaviors, including allogrooming and social play, during the dark (active) phase, and sleep site sharing during the light (inactive) phase. The rate of sleep site sharing during the light phase was higher than expected, suggesting that the pairs preferred to stay near each other. There was no evidence of increased stress after a long period of male male social housing. Female same sex pairs and male female pairs demonstrated a high level of affiliative behaviors right after introduction. These results highlight the flexibility and high sociability of this species and indicate that such same sex pairings are a feasible option for their social management.

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“…Activity budgets differ across species and studies, with the proportions of social behaviors ranging from 0% to 18% (Nekaris, 2014; Nekaris & Bearder, 2007; Rode‐Margono et al, 2014). Overall, the current available evidence suggests that slow lorises are more social than previously thought, and form some groups (Wiens & Zitzmann, 2003), including dispersed family groups (Javan slow loris and greater slow loris), and polygynous groups (pygmy slow loris; Poindexter & Nekaris, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same‐sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Yamanashi

Nemoto

Alejandro

2021

American J Primatol

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Little is known about the social behavior of pygmy slow lorises, in particular, the social relationships of same-sex individuals have rarely been investigated. The Slow Loris Conservation Center was built at the Japan Monkey Center to enhance the welfare of confiscated slow lorises, promote their conservation, improve public education, and perform scientific research on the species. In the course of improving

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The Evolution of Social Organisation in Lorisiformes

Cited by 6 publications

References 1,036 publications

Activity Budget and Sociality of the Northern Lesser Galago, Galago senegalensis

Activity Budget and Sociality of the Northern Lesser Galago, Galago senegalensis

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same‐sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

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