The Evolution of Sex: a Perspective from the Fungal Kingdom

Lee, Soo Chan; Ni, Min; Li, Wenjun; Shertz, Cecelia; Heitman, Joseph

doi:10.1128/mmbr.00005-10

Cited by 322 publications

(355 citation statements)

References 332 publications

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“…The populations that maintain sexual reproduction are able to generate genetic combinations capable of overcoming the host plant's resistance (Lee et al, 2010). In wheat, significant differences in pathogenicity have been found between the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 groups of M. graminicola (Zhan et al, 2007).…”

Section: Mating-typementioning

confidence: 96%

“…In certain fungi, the mechanisms associated with sexual compatibility and development suggest that the mating-type genes are linked to pathogen virulence (Hsueh and Heitman, 2008;Lee et al, 2010). The populations that maintain sexual reproduction are able to generate genetic combinations capable of overcoming the host plant's resistance (Lee et al, 2010).…”

Section: Mating-typementioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of mating-type alleles and M13 PCR markers in the black leaf spot fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis of bananas in Brazil

Queiroz

Miranda²,

Hanada³

et al. 2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. The fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis is the causative agent of black sigatoka, which is one of the most destructive diseases of banana plants. Infection with this pathogen results in underdeveloped fruit, with no commercial value. We analyzed the distribution of the M. fijiensis mating-type system and its genetic variability using M13 phage DNA markers. We found a 1:1 distribution of mating-type alleles, indicating MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs. A polymorphism analysis using three different primers for M13 markers showed that only the M13 minisatellite primers generated polymorphic products. We then utilized this polymorphism to characterize 40 isolates from various Brazilian states. The largest genetic distances were found between isolates from the same location and between isolates from different parts of the country. Therefore, there was no correlation between the genetic similarity and the geographic origin of the isolates. The M13 marker was used to generate genetic fingerprints for five isolates; these fingerprints were compared with the band profiles obtained from inter-simple sequence repeat (UBC861) and inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism analyses. We found that the M13 marker was more effective than the other two markers for differentiating these isolates.

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Section: Mating-typementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Mating-typementioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of mating-type alleles and M13 PCR markers in the black leaf spot fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis of bananas in Brazil

Queiroz

Miranda²,

Hanada³

et al. 2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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show abstract

“…Given its complexity, it is surprising that switching seems to have evolved at least twice (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Only unicellular fungi (yeasts) switch mating type, and these fungi have evolved from multicellular filamentous fungal ancestors on at least five separate lineages (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mating-type switching by chromosomal inversion in methylotrophic yeasts suggests an origin for the three-locusSaccharomyces cerevisiaesystem

Hanson

Byrne

Wolfe

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

150

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a complex system for switching the mating type of haploid cells, requiring the genome to have three mating-type (MAT)-like loci and a mechanism for silencing two of them. How this system originated is unknown, because the threelocus system is present throughout the family Saccharomycetaceae, whereas species in the sister Candida clade have only one locus and do not switch. Here we show that yeasts in a third clade, the methylotrophs, have a simpler two-locus switching system based on reversible inversion of a section of chromosome with MATa genes at one end and MATalpha genes at the other end. In Hansenula polymorpha the 19-kb invertible region lies beside a centromere so that, depending on the orientation, either MATa or MATalpha is silenced by centromeric chromatin. In Pichia pastoris, the orientation of a 138-kb invertible region puts either MATa or MATalpha beside a telomere and represses transcription of MATa2 or MATalpha2. Both species are homothallic, and inversion of their MAT regions can be induced by crossing two strains of the same mating type. The three-locus system of S. cerevisiae, which uses a nonconservative mechanism to replace DNA at MAT, likely evolved from a conservative two-locus system that swapped genes between expression and nonexpression sites by inversion. The increasing complexity of the switching apparatus, with three loci, donor bias, and cell lineage tracking, can be explained by continuous selection to increase sporulation ability in young colonies. Our results provide an evolutionary context for the diversity of switching and silencing mechanisms.Hansenula polymorpha | Pichia pastoris | yeast genetics | comparative genomics M ating-type switching in yeasts is a highly regulated process that converts a haploid cell of one mating type into a haploid of the opposite type (1-5). Switching involves the complete deactivation of one set of regulatory genes and activation of an alternative set, but, unlike most regulatory changes, the switch is achieved by physically replacing the DNA at an expression site that is shared by both types of cell. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the switching system uses a menagerie of molecular components (3) including three mating-type (MAT)-like loci (the expressed MAT locus and the silent loci HML and HMR); an endonuclease (HO) that creates a double-strand break at the MAT locus, which then is repaired using HMLalpha or HMRa as a donor; a mechanism (Sir1 and Sir2/3/4 proteins) for repressing transcription and HO cleavage at the silent loci; two triplicated sequences (the Z and X regions) that guide repair of the dsDNA break; a donorbias mechanism (the recombination enhancer, RE) to ensure that switching happens in the correct direction; and a cell lineagetracking mechanism (Ash1 mRNA localization) to ensure that switching occurs only in particular cells. Most of these components have no function other than facilitating switching.

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“…Tests are underway to determine if any possible offspring from such crosses differ from parents in the production of AFs. Mating in fungi allows for genetic modification to circumvent unfavorable conditions (Lee, Ni et al 2010). When fields are inundated with a biocontrol strain, AF-genomes may become "rescued" by genetic material from an AF+ parent.…”

Section: Potential Impact Of Sex On Population Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%