THE EVOLUTION OF SELF‐POLLINATION IN GRANITE OUTCROP SPECIES OF
            <i>ARENARIA</i>
            (CARYOPHYLLACEAE). I. MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES

Wyatt, Robert

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00353.x

Cited by 75 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…There are also, however, examples of endemics with considerable genetic or phenotypic variability (Cotter & Platt, 1959;Stebbins, 1980;Primack, 1980;Coates, 1988;Baskin & Baskin, 1988;Karron et al, 1988). In particular, considerable variability in floral traits has been reported for some endemics from rock outcrop plant communities of eastern United States (Cotter & Platt, 1959;Wyatt, 1984;Baskin & Baskin, 1988), which are ecologically analogous to V.caborlensis in the type of habitat and degree of subdivision of their populations. Despite significant interpopulation differences in the means of floral characters, disjunct populations of V. caborlensis appear to retain much of the variability of the entire species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…There is thus little integration of the floral phenotype, whose variation is not governed by a single 'size factor' affecting similarly to all floral elements, in contrast to the findings reported by Berg (1960) for a series of insect-pollinated plants. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix for floral characters presented by Wyatt (1984: Table 4) for Arenuria ungora, an ecological analogue of V. caborlensis, further reveals the existence of a prevailing 'size factor' and coordinated variation of floral parts (Herrera, unpublished observations). The disintegrated floral phenotype of V. cazorlensis is probably unusual among insectpollinated plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The adaptedness of the floral phenotype in a relict endemic, hawkmoth-pollinated violet. 2. Patterns of variation among disjunct populations

Herrera¹

1990

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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This study examines patterns of variation in quantitative floral traits among 18 disjunct populations of Viola cazorlensis (Violaceae), a relict endemic violet of south-eastern Spain. At all sites, the species is almost exclusively pollinated by a single species of day-flying hawkmoth. Differences between populations were significant for all traits examined, and population means exhibit a broad range of variation. When all characters are considered together, each population displays a unique combination of characters. Despite interpopulation differences in character means, local populations retain most of the variability of the entire species. Floral traits d o not vary in unison among flowers, and at least four different subsets of independently varying traits are identifiable. Floral similarity between populations of V. cazorlensis was largely unrelated to geographic proximity, as revealed by analyses at both large and small geographic scales. The geographic pattern of floral variation among populations represents a random patchwork, with unique combinations of character means occurring randomly across the study region. Marked population differences in quantitative floral traits in spite of spatial constancy in the identity of pollinators, a disintegrated floral phenotype, and prevailingly random geographic variation among populations, suggest low adaptedness of the floral phenotype of V. cazorlensir to its current hawkmoth pollinators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The adaptedness of the floral phenotype in a relict endemic, hawkmoth-pollinated violet. 2. Patterns of variation among disjunct populations

Herrera¹

1990

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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“…First, the notion that floral characters may be associated with specific pollination systems implies the presence of functionally correlated suites of characters, often recognized as pollination "syndromes." It generally is accepted that if classification is based primarily on these potentially "nonindependent" character suites, perceptions of relationships among taxa may be biased (Ornduff, 1969;Kalin Arroyo, 1981;Wyatt, 1988;Schrire, 1989;Armbruster, 1993;Anderson, 1995). Although relationships will be biased if characters truly are nonindependent (in a genetic or cladistic sense), functional correlation (e.g., in pollination syndromes) need not imply genetic correlation, nor that characters are providing nonindependent assessments of phylogenetic relationships (Luckow and Bruneau, in press).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses, such as transitions in pollination systems, a number of workers have advocated using a phylogenetic approach based on cladistic analysis (e.g., Ridley, 1983;Wanntorp, 1983;Coddington, 1988;Funk and Brooks, 1990;Harvey and Pagel, 1991;Brooks and McLennan, 1991). The direction of change and evolutionary shifts in plant breeding and pol-54 lination systems have been examined from a phylogenetic perspective in a number of recent studies (e.g., Wyatt, 1983Wyatt, , 1984Wyatt, , 1988Hart, 1985;Eckenwalder and Barrett, 1986;Donoghue, 1989;Olmstead, 1989Olmstead, , 1992Sytsma, Smith, and Berry, 1991;Armbruster, 1992Armbruster, , 1993McDade, 1992;Rieseberg, Hanson, and Philbrick, 1992;Lavin, 1993;Crisp, 1994;Graham and Barrett, 1995;Luckow and Hopkins, 1995;Weller, Wagner, and Sakai, 1995). Following this approach, I use results of a cladistic analysis of the genus Erythrina L. (Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) to study evolutionary shifts between passerine and hummingbird pollination systems in the genus, and to assess the homology of characters traditionally associated with these ornithophilous syndromes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae)

Bruneau

1997

American J of Botany

118

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Erythrina L. (Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) is a pantropical genus of over 100 species, all of which are either hummingbird or passerine pollinated. Phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological and chloroplast DNA restriction site characters suggest that shifts from passerine to hummingbird pollination have occurred a minimum of four times in the genus. In hummingbird‐pollinated species the inflorescences are held upright, the flowers are arranged radially along the axis, and the narrow standard petal is conduplicately folded to form a pseudotube. In most of the passerine‐pollinated species, the inflorescences are held horizontally, the flowers are secund, and the standard petal is open so that the nectar and androecium are easily visible and accessible. Nectar amino acid concentrations and sucrose to hexose ratios are closely associated with pollination mode. Despite the general resemblance in flower and inflorescence morphology among species with the same pollination type, homology assessment reveals that petal morphology and size, and calyx and pollen morphology differ. Morphological characters, even if comprising modifications associated with adaptive pollination systems, therefore provide useful phylogenetic information.

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“…To understand the evolution of selfing in hermaphrodites, one therefore has to consider the genetic variability of traits related to the mating system. Most investigations on this topic have focused on plants for which some floral characteristics such as the degree of protandry can easily be related to the selfing rate (Schoen, 1982;Wyatt, 1984;Fenster & Ritland, 1994). In animals, only a few studies have been performed to examine the evolution of selfing (review in Jarne & Charlesworth, 1993) and none has examined the genetic variability of traits related to selfing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and genetic basis of variability of phally polymorphism in natural populations of the self-fertile freshwater snailBulinus truncatus

Doums

Labbo²,

Jarne

1996

Genet. Res.

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We investigated the genetic variability for phally polymorphism within and between natural populations of the hermaphrodite self-fertile freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus. Phally polymorphism is characterized by the co-occurrence in natural populations of regular hermaphrodite individuals (euphallic) and individuals deprived of the male copulatory organ (aphallic). The two morphs can both self-fertilize and outcross. However, aphallic individuals cannot outcross as males. We examined the variation of the aphally ratio in 22 natural populations from Niger over two successive years. During the second years, populations were sampled three times at 3 week intervals. The aphally ratio was highly variable among populations at a given sampling data and remained relatively stable over time. For 10 of these populations, one population from Corsica and two from Sardinia, we also estimated the between-and withinpopulation variability, analysing the aphally ratio of 346 families under laboratory conditions. The aphally ratio varied significantly among populations and was highly correlated with the aphally ratio of the natural populations. Some within-population variability, associated with a high value of the broad sense heritability, was observed in four populations out of 13. In these populations, aphallic individuals produced significantly more aphallic offspring than euphallic individuals. Our results indicate a strong genetic basis for aphally, with large genetic differences among populations and some genetic variability for aphally within populations. We discuss the adaptive and stochastic factors that may shape the distribution of the genetic variability for aphally.

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THE EVOLUTION OF SELF‐POLLINATION IN GRANITE OUTCROP SPECIES OF ARENARIA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE). I. MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES

Cited by 75 publications

References 30 publications

The adaptedness of the floral phenotype in a relict endemic, hawkmoth-pollinated violet. 2. Patterns of variation among disjunct populations

The adaptedness of the floral phenotype in a relict endemic, hawkmoth-pollinated violet. 2. Patterns of variation among disjunct populations

Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae)

Stability and genetic basis of variability of phally polymorphism in natural populations of the self-fertile freshwater snailBulinus truncatus

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