The Evolution of Retinal Vascularization in Mammals

Chase, Julia

doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34608-4

Cited by 109 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Throughout much of evolution, the metabolic needs of the vertebrate retina were met by the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the choriocapillaris, which is a dense vascular complex located beneath the retina and thus, not in the path of light passing to the photoreceptors. However, because an exclusive dependence on diffusion limits how far away neurons of the inner retina can be from the choriocapillaris, avascular retinas must be relatively thin (Chase, 1982; Buttery et al , 1991). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinovascular physiology and pathophysiology: New experimental approach/new insights

Puro

2012

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

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An important challenge in visual neuroscience is understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the intra-retinal vasculature, whose function is required for ophthalmoception by humans and most other mammals. In the quest to learn more about this highly specialized portion of the circulatory system, a newly developed method for isolating vast microvascular complexes from the rodent retina has opened the way for using techniques such as patch-clamping, fluorescence imaging and time-lapse photography to elucidate the functional organization of a capillary network and its pre-capillary arteriole. For example, the ability to obtain dual perforated-patch recordings from well-defined sites within an isolated microvascular complex permitted the first characterization of the electrotonic architecture of a capillary/arteriole unit. This analysis revealed that this operational unit is not simply a homogenous synctium, but has a complex functional organization that is dynamically modulated by extracellular signals such as angiotensin II. Another recent discovery is that a capillary and its pre-capillary arteriole have distinct physiological differences; capillaries have an abundance of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and a dearth of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) while the converse is true for arterioles. In addition, voltage transmission between abluminal cells and the endothelium is more efficient in the capillaries. Thus, the capillary network is well-equipped to generate and transmit voltages, and the pre-capillary arteriole is well-adapted to transduce a capillary-generated voltage into a change in abluminal cell calcium and thereby, a vasomotor response. Use of microvessels isolated from the diabetic retina has led to new insights concerning retinal vascular pathophysiology. For example, soon after the onset of diabetes, the efficacy of voltage transmission through the endothelium is diminished; arteriolar VDCCs is inhibited, and there is increased vulnerability to purinergic vasotoxicity, which is a newly identified pathobiological mechanism. Other recent studies reveal that KATP channels not only have an essential physiological role in generating vasomotor responses, but their activation substantially boosts the lethality of hypoxia. Thus, the pathophysiology of the retinal microvasculature is closely linked with its physiology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinovascular physiology and pathophysiology: New experimental approach/new insights

Puro

2012

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

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“…In contrast, the choroidal vessels supplied them to the outer retinal layers in particular the photoreceptors [3] and the area of visual streak.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This area of visual streak corresponds to the area centralis in some primates and man [5,9]. Thus, this area and some other areas of the retina obtain their nutrition from the underlying choroidal vessels [1,3,4,13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Distribution of Retinal Blood Vessels in Buffaloes(Bos bubalis).

Kassa

Sugita

2001

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The distribution of retinal blood vessels in the eye of buffalo was studied macroscopically and microscopically in twenty-two eyes of healthy animals. After macroscopic observation, 12 of 22 eyes were used for histological study. Ten eyes were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and two eyes with PAS stain. The present findings revealed that the eye of the buffalo was characterized by the complex network of retinal blood vessels (holangiotic or euangiotic). The central retinal artery and vein pierced the eye through the optic disc and gave off several branches. There were four pairs of primary vessels that were named dorsal, ventral, nasal and temporal retinal arteries and veins. The veins anastmosed with each other at the optic disc to form a somewhat circle. Three patterns of the distribution of blood vessels were described. The distribution of the arteries and veins was the same. KEY WORDS: buffalo, retinal blood vessel.

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“…The inner retina is supplied by branches of the central retinal capillary: the deep capillary network located in the outer plexiform layer and the superficial capillaries adjacent to the ganglion cell layer. However, in species with an avascular retina, such as guinea pig or rabbit, oxygen is delivered solely by the choroidal vascular bed, whereas the deep retinal and superficial capillaries are essentially absent (8). Because oxygen diffuses just over a short distance, only the outer retina receives sufficient oxygen to sustain aerobic energy production.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Distribution in Vascular and Avascular Mammalian Retinae Links Neuroglobin to Cellular Respiration

Bentmann¹,

Schmidt²,

Reuss³

et al. 2005

Journal of Biological Chemistry

107

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The visual function of the vertebrate retina relies on sufficient supply with oxygen. Neuroglobin is a respiratory protein thought to play an essential role in oxygen homeostasis of neuronal cells. For further understanding of its function, we compared the distribution of neuroglobin and mitochondria in both vascular and avascular mammalian retinae. In the vascular retinae of mouse and rat, oxygen is supplied by the outer choroidal, deep retinal, and inner capillaries. We show that in this type of retina, mitochondria are concentrated in the inner segments of photoreceptor cells, the outer and the inner plexiform layers, and the ganglion cell layer. These are the same regions in which oxygen consumption takes place and in which neuroglobin is present at high levels. In the avascular retina of guinea pig the deep retinal and inner capillaries are absent. Therefore, only the inner segments of the photoreceptors adjacent to choroidal capillaries display an oxidative metabolism. We demonstrate that in the retina of guinea pigs both neuroglobin and mitochondria are restricted to this layer. Our results clearly demonstrate an association of neuroglobin and mitochondria, thus supporting the hypothesis that neuroglobin is a respiratory protein that supplies oxygen to the respiratory chain.

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The Evolution of Retinal Vascularization in Mammals

Cited by 109 publications

References 16 publications

Retinovascular physiology and pathophysiology: New experimental approach/new insights

Retinovascular physiology and pathophysiology: New experimental approach/new insights

Study of the Distribution of Retinal Blood Vessels in Buffaloes(Bos bubalis).

Divergent Distribution in Vascular and Avascular Mammalian Retinae Links Neuroglobin to Cellular Respiration

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