The evolution of refraction in the fixing and the amblyopic eye

Nastri, G; Perugini, G C; Savastano, Silvia; A, Polzella; Sbordone, G

doi:10.1007/bf00159077

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The mean SE refractive error of amblyopic eyes was more hyperopic than that of non-amblyopic fellow and normal eyes during the complete 5 year follow-up period. In agreement with the results of previous studies, a smaller decrease in hyperopia was noted in amblyopic eyes compared with non-amblyopic fellow and normal eyes [19–21]. There is some evidence that amblyopia may affect emmetropisation in strabismic amblyopia and moderate to high hypermetropia [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Long-Term Changes in Refractive Error and Clinical Evaluation in Partially Accommodative Esotropia after Surgery

Lee

Park

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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We investigate the changes in refractive error and clinical evaluation in partially accommodative esotropia(PAET) after surgery. A total of 68 patients PAET who received at least 2 years of follow-up after surgery were enrolled in this study. We performed a retrospective study in patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral medial rectus recession for a non-accommodative component of PAET between January 2005 and March 2013. Patients were divided into groups according to the presence of dominancy (dominant, non-dominant, alternative eye), and presence of amblyopia (amblyopic, fellow, normal eye). Changes and changing pattern in SE refractive error were analyzed in all patients and compared between groups. Patients were divided into two groups, those weaned off of hyperopic glasses and those who continued using them, then factors that significantly influenced the continued use of glasses were analyzed. The changes and changing pattern in SE refractive error according to time after operation and presence of amblyopia or dominancy. The mean length of follow-up was 4.89±1.74 years after surgery and the mean change in SE refractive error rate per year was -0.284±0.411 diopters (D). The pattern of changes in the mean SE refractive error for those with dominant, non-dominant, and alternative eyes was not significantly different (p = 0.292). The pattern of changes in the mean SE refractive error for those with amblyopic, fellow, and normal eyes was significantly different (p = 0.0002). Patients were successfully weaned off of hyperopic glasses at an average age of 9.41±2.74 years. The average SE refractive error in the group weaned off of hyperopic glasses was significantly lower than that in the group maintained on hyperopic glasses (p = 0.0002). The change of SE refractive error in amblyopic eyes decreased less than that in fellow or normal eyes, which may be correlated with the presence of amblyopia. Patients with a smaller esodeviated angle without hyperopic correction, a lower degree of hyperopia, and who were older at the time of disease onset were discontinued from hyperopic glasses sooner after surgery.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Long-Term Changes in Refractive Error and Clinical Evaluation in Partially Accommodative Esotropia after Surgery

Lee

Park

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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“…Other studies have suggested that anisometropia develops as a result of amblyopia, in contrast to traditional teaching that anisometropia causes amblyopia. 40,42,43 How does one reconcile these previous studies with the data in this study, demonstrating that nearly 70% of anisometropic children who are old enough to test with optotypes (age 4 or older) are already amblyopic? This is most likely a result of several of the above biases: First, there was a tendency to preferentially study children with the most severe anisometropia, who were most likely to develop amblyopia, and least likely to spontaneously resolve.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…40 Another study supporting the notion that amblyopia precedes anisometropia development demonstrated that the magnitude of anisometropia appears to increase in strabismic patients who have a fixation preference for one eye. 41 Lepard 42 and Nastri and associates 43 have shown that the refraction of the fixating eye becomes more myopic, whereas the amblyopic eye remains hypermetropic, furthering the notion that amblyopia leads to anisometropia, at least in some individuals.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Developing Amblyopia In Anisometropic Childrenmentioning

confidence: 95%

Relationship Between Anisometropia, Patient Age, and the Development of Amblyopia

Donahue

2006

American Journal of Ophthalmology

117

113

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“…61 In humans the situation is less clear cut but studies have suggested that anisometropia may be a consequence of amblyopia as much as a cause. 62,63 Amblyopic eyes display different patterns of vitreous chamber growth to the fellow eye. 64 Prematurity, even in the absence of retinopathy of prematurity, has been demonstrated to impair emmetropisation in at least a subset of children.…”

Section: Clinical Examples Of a Failure Of Emmetropisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors

Flitcroft

2014

Eye

140

124

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The distribution of human refractive errors displays features that are not commonly seen in other biological variables. Compared with the more typical Gaussian distribution, adult refraction within a population typically has a negative skew and increased kurtosis (ie is leptokurtotic). This distribution arises from two apparently conflicting tendencies, first, the existence of a mechanism to control eye growth during infancy so as to bring refraction towards emmetropia/low hyperopia (ie emmetropisation) and second, the tendency of many human populations to develop myopia during later childhood and into adulthood. The distribution of refraction therefore changes significantly with age. Analysis of the processes involved in shaping refractive development allows for the creation of a life course model of refractive development. Monte Carlo simulations based on such a model can recreate the variation of refractive distributions seen from birth to adulthood and the impact of increasing myopia prevalence on refractive error distributions in Asia.

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The evolution of refraction in the fixing and the amblyopic eye

Abstract: The authors describe refractive changes in 61 children with unilateral amblyopia who were followed-up for 10 years. In each case the change was towards myopia. The various factors affecting postnatal development of the eye are discussed.

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

Long-Term Changes in Refractive Error and Clinical Evaluation in Partially Accommodative Esotropia after Surgery

Long-Term Changes in Refractive Error and Clinical Evaluation in Partially Accommodative Esotropia after Surgery

Relationship Between Anisometropia, Patient Age, and the Development of Amblyopia

Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors

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