The evolution of Lisp

Steele, Guy L.; Gabriel, Richard P.

doi:10.1145/234286.1057818

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Table 1 tried to get at the concept of looping (without using that word) in programming languages. Throughout the history of language design (Stroustrup 1996;Whitaker 1996;Ritchie 1996;Sammet 1981;Steele and Gabriel 1996), a large number of programming languages have settled on what have become relatively standard words for looping (e.g., for, while, foreach). We admit experiencing a sense of irony that the lowest ranked word choice in our set for novices was (in order from the worst): for, while, foreach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical studies on programming language stimuli

Stefik

Gellenbeck

2010

Software Qual J

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Comprehending and debugging computer programs are inherently difficult tasks. The current approach to building program execution and debugging environments is to use exclusively visual stimuli on programming languages whose syntax and semantics has often been designed without empirical guidance. We present an alternative: Sodbeans, an open-source integrated development environment designed to output carefully chosen spoken auditory cues to supplement empirically evaluated visual stimuli. Originally designed for the blind, earlier work suggested that Sodbeans may benefit sighted programmers as well. We evaluate Sodbeans in two experiments. First, we report on a formal debugging experiment comparing (1) a visual debugger, (2) an auditory debugger, and (3) a multimedia debugger, which includes both visual and auditory stimuli. The results from this study indicate that while auditory debuggers on their own are significantly less effective for sighted users when compared with visual and multimedia debuggers, multimedia debuggers might benefit sighted programmers under certain circumstances. Specifically, we found that while multimedia debuggers do not provide instant usability, once programmers have some practice, their performance in answering comprehension questions improves. Second, we created and evaluated a pilot survey analyzing individual elements in a custom programming language (called HOP) to garner empirical metrics on their comprehensibility. Results showed that some of the most widely used syntax and semantics choices in commercial programming languages are extraordinarily unintuitive for novices. For example, at an aggregate level, the word for, as in a for loop, was rated reliably worse than repeat by more than 673% by novices. After completing our studies, we implemented the HOP programming language and integrated it into Sodbeans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical studies on programming language stimuli

Stefik

Gellenbeck

2010

Software Qual J

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“…Regardless, concepts pioneered by Lisp, including garbage collection and object-oriented programming, would serve the development of future higher-level languages [31]. These languages include Python and Java (Java is not fully open-source but is available for free to the public).…”

Section: Open-source and Aimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…R, which "began as an experiment in trying the methods of Lisp implementers to build a small testbed", eventually became a popular tool for data mining (a subfield of AI) and statistics [32]. As the AI winter ended and "the problems of hardware seemed to be under control", OS software simultaneously received increased media coverage and recognition [31].…”

Section: Open-source and Aimentioning

confidence: 99%

The history and future prospects of open data and open source software

2020

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Open data for all New Yorkers -that is the tagline on New York City's open data website. Open government is being promoted at most countries of the western world.Governments' transparency levels are being measured by the amount of data they share through their online public repositories. Additionally, open source software is promoted at governments, academia, and the industrythis is the new digital story of this century, and the new testament between the Gods of technology and there users; data and software openness will redefine the path forward, and aim to rekindle our collective intelligence. Data and Software Openness can re-define Data Democracy, and be the catalyst for its progress. This chapter provides a historical insight into data and software openness, the beginnings, the heroes, prospects for the future, and all things we cannot afford to negotiate or lose.

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“…For several years now, a pioneering approach toward the automatic generation of reaction mechanisms and applications to the modeling of engine knock was proposed by Westbrook et al 11 and by Chevalier et al 12 General rules of LISP language 13 were applied to identify the chemical species produced, the reactions between these species and the elementary reaction rates for each reaction step. The low temperature reaction mechanism for several alkane fuels up to cetane (n-hexadecane) involves two successive additions of radicals to oxygen and the formation of alkenes, cyclic ethers, and a very reactive hydroketoperoxide.…”

Section: Automatic Generation Of Chemical Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumping and Reduction of Detailed Kinetic Schemes: an Effective Coupling

Stagni

Cuoci

Frassoldati

et al. 2013

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

113

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When it comes to handling large hydrocarbon molecules and describing the pyrolysis and combustion behavior of complex mixtures, the potential and limitations of detailed chemistry require a careful investigation. Indeed, as they involve a large number of species and reactions, detailed kinetic mechanisms often make the model predictions computationally expensive, thus strongly restricting their potential. Therefore, the automatic generation of detailed mechanisms with several thousands of molecular species and elementary reactions, very useful in many circumstances and a prerequisite to derive reduced models, may become useless from a more general application viewpoint. In order to overcome these limitations, in this paper a proper strategy to obtain suitable mechanisms for multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications is presented and discussed. It couples the advantages of two reduction techniques: chemical lumping of species and reactions and a flexible and reliable reduction technique aimed at eliminating unimportant species and reactions. It is shown that a central advantage of semidetailed kinetic models, already reduced with a chemical lumping, is their easier and more effective applicability to successive automatic reductions. Kinetic schemes of n-heptane and n-dodecane oxidation, reduced to 100 and 120 species, respectively, are obtained and compared with experimental data and with the complete original model. These dimensions easily allow the successive use of these reduced kinetic models particularly when the aim is to embody them within computational fluid dynamic models. In particular, simulations of steady-state, axisymmetric, laminar diffusion flames were performed comparing the original and the reduced kinetic mechanisms. The results demonstrated not only the reliability of the reduced mechanisms, but, more importantly, highlighted the great computational advantages, especially in terms of CPU times, of reduced kinetics for the simulation of multidimensional systems. Similar or even more apparent benefits are expected when reducing lumped kinetic schemes of combustion of real transportation fuels, such as gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels

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The evolution of Lisp

Cited by 17 publications

References 78 publications

Empirical studies on programming language stimuli

Empirical studies on programming language stimuli

The history and future prospects of open data and open source software

Lumping and Reduction of Detailed Kinetic Schemes: an Effective Coupling

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