The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code

Abstract

Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA symmetries, and the classification of trinucleotides/codons, all built with the same physiochemical double mirror symmetry and Watson–Crick pairing. We also show that single-stranded RNA had the complete code of life in the form of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table simultaneously with instructions of codons’ relationship as to how to develop the DNA molecule on the principle of Watson–Crick pairing. We show that the same symmetries between the genetic code and DNA quadruplet are highly conserved during the whole evolution even between phylogenetically distant organisms. In this way, decreasing disorder and entropy enabled the evolution of living beings up to sophisticated species with cognitive features. Our hypothesis that all twenty amino acids are necessary for the origin of life on the Earth, which entirely changes our view on evolution, confirms the evidence of organic natural amino acids from the extra-terrestrial asteroid Ryugu, which is nearly as old as our solar system.

The Supersymmetry Genetic Code Table and Quadruplet Symmetries of DNA Molecules Are Unchangeable and Synchronized with Codon-Free Energy Mapping during Evolution

“…We show that the purine-pyrimidine symmetry net enables an automatic transformation of the SSyGC table into two-fold DNA strand sequences with the Watson-Crick pairing (A ↔ U, C ↔ G), which appears by linearizing codons from direct boxes for the top strand and the complement boxes for the bottom strand. This is an analogous form to the 5 3 codon and the 3 5 anticodon [6,7].…”

“…Our novel SSyGC table follows the stereochemical theory, which postulates that the structure of the code is determined by a physicochemical affinity between amino acids and codons or anticodons [10][11][12]. The SSyGC table (Figure 1b) encompasses five symmetries: (1) double mirror symmetry between all purines and pyrimidines on the basis of vertical and horizontal mirror symmetry axis created purine-pyrimidine symmetry net, as well as the center point mirror symmetry (Figure 1c) for the first base of all codons (in each of 16 boxes first and second base are identical) in the SSyGC table ; (2) purine-pyrimidine symmetry on the basis of Watson-Crick pairing in the alternately boxes of genetic code; (3) direct-complement symmetry on the basis of Watson-Crick pairing between codons in the alternately boxes of genetic code; (4) A + T-rich and C + G-rich symmetry between alternating codons in the same row of both columns of code (Figure 1b); (5) symmetry between the position of amino acids [6,7]. Constructed from two columns with eight boxes which are made up of four codons each, the SSyGC table is more physiological.…”

“…It is also common for all more than thirty nuclear and mitochondrial genetic codes. It is important to point out that the purine-pyrimidine symmetry net has remained unchanged during all of evolution [6,7].…”

“…For example, the first and second Chargaff's parity rules, which appear universally over almost all extant DNA genomes [5]. Also, symmetry was one of the key ingredients leading to the very strong organized our Supersymmetry Genetic Code structure on the base of the physicochemical laws in the form of the purine-pyrimidine symmetry net and codon-anticodon structures, with dominant double mirror symmetry within bases and codons [6,7].…”

“…Our scientific challenge was to interpolate the free energy values of codons/trinucleotides [8,9] in our SSyGC table and in all 10 A + T-rich and 10 C + G-rich quadruplets of DNA molecules [6,7] characterized by a purine-pyrimidine symmetry as well as the mirror symmetry, and to show how symmetries in the genetic code and DNA quadruplets directly influenced the relationship between codons/trinucleotides and their free energy.…”