The evolution of hardness and tribofilm growth during running-in of case carburized steel under boundary lubrication

Jenson, Alexander D.; Roy, Sougata; Sundararajan, Sriram

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2017.09.019

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…The hardness values of the layers resulting from the different surface-hardening processes were concordant with those reported in the literature [12,[19][20][21][22][23]. As observed (Table 7), boriding resulted in the highest hardness value compared to the other surfacehardening processes.…”

Section: Mechanical Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 90%

A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel

et al. 2022

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This work compares the tribological behavior of surface layers obtained by three different hardening processes. The layers were formed on the surface of AISI 4140 steel by applying three different thermochemical treatments. Wear resistance was evaluated using a standardized tribological machine for abrasive wear, according to the limits established by the ASTM G65 “Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus”. According to the results, the boride layers exhibited the highest wear resistance, as compared to nitrided and carburized layers. In contrast, the carburized layers presented the highest loss of volume. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the worn surfaces to examine the wear mechanisms. Abrasive wear was identified in all the samples, as the main abrasive wear mechanism. The mean values of the coefficient of friction (CoF) of the hardened surfaces were 0.39, 0.55, and 0.65 for carburizing, nitriding, and boriding samples, respectively, indicating that the wear process may not always be related to a low CoF. The results suggest that the highest hardness is normally associated with high wear resistance, but the coefficient of friction could be not directly related to the hardness of the materials. Finally, a statistical study demonstrates the random nature of the layers obtained by three different hardening processes.

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Section: Mechanical Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 90%

A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel

et al. 2022

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“…The study of friction surfaces and the formation of films on them during the running-in process was carried out by the authors of the works [7][8][9]. The authors conclude that the change in friction and wear parameters that occur during running-in are not only the result of changes in surface roughness, but also the microstructure of the surface layers and the formation of a third body.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Authors of the work [8] claim that the running-in process can be controlled by changing the initial roughness and lubricating medium. For example, at work [9] the evolution of tribofilms on the friction surface during running-in is shown.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical model of running-in of tribosystems under conditions of boundary lubrication. Part 1. Development of a mathematical model

Voitov¹

2023

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The paper further developed the methodological approach in obtaining mathematical models that describe the running-in of tribosystems under boundary lubrication conditions.The structural and parametric identification of the tribosystem as an object of simulation of running-in under conditions of extreme lubrication was carried out. It has been established that the processes of running-in of tribosystems are described by a second-order differential equation and, unlike the known ones, take into account the limit of loss of stability (robustness reserve) of tribosystems. It is shown that the nature of tribosystems running-in conditions of extreme lubrication depends on the gain coefficients and time constants, which are included in the right-hand side of the differential equation. It is shown that the processes of running-in of tribosystems depend on the type of the magnitude of the input influence on the tribosystem, the first and second derivatives. The input influence is represented as a product of coefficients and a time constant К0·К2·Т3. This allows us to state that the processes of the tribosystem running-in will effectively take place when the input action (load and sliding speed), will change in time and have fluctuations with positive and negative acceleration of these values from the set (program) value. This requirement corresponds to the running-in program "at the border of seizing".The left part of the equation is the response of the tribosystem to the input signal. Tribosystem time constants Т2 and Т3 have the dimension of time and characterize the inertia of the processes occurring in the tribosystem during running-in. Increasing the time constants makes the process less sensitive to changes in the input signal, the warm-up process increases in time, and the tribosystem becomes insensitive to small changes in load and sliding speed. Conversely, the reduction of time constants makes the tribosystem sensitive to any external changes

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“…Actually, the running-in phase is a complicated process, there always is an interplay between plastic deformation, material loss, wear particles, new tribo-layer formation, etc. (Jenson et al , 2018; Cheng et al , 2015; Zhou et al , 2019). Changes in friction and wear that occur during the running-in process are more than a consequence of surface roughness alterations alone, but also the operational parameters, such as temperature, rotation speed and applied load (Blau, 2005; Wu et al , 2018; Wang et al , 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the running-in stage, the freshly manufactured friction components will experience an initial settling period, contributing to the complex re-settlement of the surface microstructures and the formation of a thin and mechanically stable tribolayer on the friction surface (Jenson et al , 2018; Wu et al , 2018). Some authors even proposed that running-in should be regarded as a self-adapting and convergent process of a wear system, where the changes are depending on the operational parameters (Hu et al , 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of applied pressure on the tribological behaviors of a wet multi-disc clutch during the running-in process

Wang,

Ma,

et al. 2023

ILT

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the influence of applied pressure on the tribological properties of the friction component in a wet multi-disc clutch during the running-in process. Design/methodology/approach The running-in evolutionary was explored in terms of global friction performance. The variation of friction torque and mean COF of the initial 300 engagement cycles was obtained by full-scale tests. Finally, an optical microscope was used to detect the wear characteristics of friction surfaces. Findings The applied pressure showed a significant influence on the tribological behaviors of wet clutches during the running-in process. The mean COF decreased and then increases with the increase of the applied pressure. A higher applied pressure contributed to more asperity summits being sheared, thus resulting in a smoother surface. Considering a suitable wore performance, properly applied pressure is necessary. Originality/value The results provide theoretical guidance for selecting the optimal applied pressure in the running-in of wet clutches. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2022-0256/

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The evolution of hardness and tribofilm growth during running-in of case carburized steel under boundary lubrication

Cited by 21 publications

References 72 publications

A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel

A Comparative Analysis of the Tribological Behavior of Hard Layers Obtained by Three Different Hardened-Surface Processes on the Surface of AISI 4140 Steel

Mathematical model of running-in of tribosystems under conditions of boundary lubrication. Part 1. Development of a mathematical model

Influence of applied pressure on the tribological behaviors of a wet multi-disc clutch during the running-in process

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