The evolution of altruism

Abstract

Луисвиллский университет, отделение биологии, Луисвилл, Кентукки, 40241 США С тех пор как Чарльз Дарвин опубликовал «Происхождение видов» в 1859 г., тема эволюции альтруизма была постоян-ным парадоксом для эволюционных биологов. В данном обзоре обсуждаются три пути, ведущие к эволюции альтру-изма, -генетическое родство, взаимопомощь и групповой отбор. Я также представлю совсем недавнюю работу, в которой использовано моделирование социальной сети, для того чтобы пролить свет на эволюцию альтруизма.Ключевые слова: альтруизм; генетическое родство; взаимопомощь; групповой отбор; эволюция; теория социальной сети. ever since Darwin published On The Origin of Species in 1859, the evolution of altruism has been a perennial paradox for evolutionary biologists. in this review, i will discuss three evolutionary paths to altruism -genetic relatedness, reciprocity, and group selection -and examine very recent work that uses social network modeling to help us better understand the evolution of altruism.Key words: altruism; genetic relatedness; reciprocity; group selection; evolution; social network theory.e-mail: lee.dugatkin@louisville.edu I never had the pleasure of meeting Dmitri Belyaev, but I feel like I know him. For the last 6 years, my colleague Lyudmila Trut and I have been writing a book on the silver fox domestication experiment. As I did the research for this book, I learned so much about Dmitri Belyaev from Lyudmila, Pavel Borodin, Anatoly Ruvinsky, Misha Belyaev, Nikolai Belyaev and the dozens of people I interviewed during my visits to the Institute of Cytology and Genetics. The more I discovered about him, the more I realized Dmitri Belyaev was not only a brilliant, visionary scientist, and an inspirational leader, he was a kind, gentle, caring man that touched the lives of so many. He was an altruist. And so, in his honor, it seemed appropriate for me to write an article about the evolution of altruism in this special issue.Within evolutionary biology, altruism is defined as helping others at a cost to self. Dmitri Belyaev was not only an altruist, he expected, in fact demanded, that others be altruistic as well. This is evident in the last interview he did before his death in 1985. In that interview, published in an article entitled "I believe in the goodness of human nature", Dmitri noted that "In the future we should take great care of human psychology; a lot depends on a social climate, on how people treat each other, and on how a community as a whole will carry out its upbringing and humanitarian functions…" We must foster altruism, he believed, especially in children, among whom Belyaev tells the interviewer "we should recognize their predispositions and support the early goodness in them". When he was asked "What would you like to wish for mankind in the 21st century?" Belyaev answered, "Be kind and socially responsible, strive for mutual agreement with all people, live in peace" (Belyaev, 1986).Ever since Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species (1859) evolutionary biologists have been puzzle...

Bases ecológicas e evolutivas do comportamento humano

“…O "altruísmo", pela sua capacidade de envolver tópicos preciosos para o ser humano, como a ética e os valores sociais, se tornou um dos temas de acalorados debates dentro da Sociologia, Biologia, Filosofia, Psicologia, assim como em outros campos. Para Charles Darwin, por exemplo, a existência do altruísmo na natureza seria um enigma (Darwin 1998) e isto estaria deixando-o "meio enlouquecido" (Dugatkin 2017). Afinal, como um comportamento que reduz a aptidão do seu portador poderia ter sido selecionado?…”

“…Curiosamente, todavia, poucos conhecem George Price, suas descobertas e intrigante história. De fato, Kropotkin e Hamilton, dois outros pesquisadores que procuraram contribuir para solucionar o problema da existência do altruísmo (Dugatkin 2017), se tornaram mais conhecidos entre os estudiosos da área do que George Price. Dessa forma, o processo de resgate da vida de Price e o que representou a sua descoberta sobre o altruísmo nos parece sempre justo e oportuno.…”