The evidence for functional non-CpG methylation in mammalian cells

Patil, Vibha; Ward, Robyn L.; Hesson, Luke B.

doi:10.4161/epi.28741

Cited by 172 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In mammalian genomes methylation takes place predominantly at the cytosine bases that are located on the 5ʹ side of a guanosine (5 methylcytosine; 5 mC) in a CpG dinucleotide 46,47 . In the past 15 years, most research has focused on identifying changes in the methylation patterns of CpG-rich islands near or in gene promoters, which are clearly directly linked to gene silencing 48,49 .…”

Section: Dna Methylation In Renal Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

The epigenetic landscape of renal cancer

2016

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| The majority of kidney cancers are associated with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene and a small proportion are associated with infrequent mutations in other well characterized tumour-suppressor genes. In the past 15 years, efforts to uncover other key genes involved in renal cancer have identified many genes that are dysregulated or silenced via epigenetic mechanisms, mainly through methylation of promoter CpG islands or dysregulation of specific microRNAs. In addition, the advent of next-generation sequencing has led to the identification of several novel genes that are mutated in renal cancer, such as PBRM1, BAP1 and SETD2, which are all involved in histone modification and nucleosome and chromatin remodelling. In this Review, we discuss how altered DNA methylation, microRNA dysregulation and mutations in histone-modifying enzymes disrupt cellular pathways in renal cancers.

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Section: Dna Methylation In Renal Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

The epigenetic landscape of renal cancer

2016

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“…Non-CpG methylation cannot be maintained through cell division owing to asymmetry of sequence, which is different from CpG methylation. The link of methylation of non-CpG island promoters to gene expression is controversial Patil et al, 2014). Most studies have shown that aberrant methylation of non-CpG island promoters is associated with gene silencing (Inoue and Oishi, 2005;Barres et al, 2009Barres et al, , 2013.…”

Section: General Epigenetic Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DNA methylation is an addition of a methyl group at the C5 position of the cytosine ring. This leads to the generation of 5-methyl cytosine that precedes a guanosine in the DNA sequence, which is called the CpG dinucleotide (Patil et al, 2014;Subramaniam et al, 2014) (Fig. 2).…”

Section: General Epigenetic Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Modifications in Fibrotic Diseases: Implications for Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Targets

Yao

2014

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Organ fibrosis is a complex and chronic disorder that results from a variety of acute injuries and contributes to thirty percent of naturally occurring deaths worldwide. The main feature of organ fibrosis is the excessive accumulation and deposit of extracellular matrix, thereby leading to organ dysfunction, loss of elasticity, and development of a rigid organ. Accumulating evidence shows that epigenetic remodeling, including aberrant DNA methylation and noncoding RNA expression as well as histone post-translational modifications, play important roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis through the regulation of fibroblast activation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as collagen synthesis and profibrotic gene transcription. In this review, we discuss the basic regulation of DNA methylation, noncoding RNA expression, and histone post-translational modification, and their participation in the pathogenesis and development of organ fibrosis. This review also provides the latest insights into the novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for fibrosis through modulation of epigenetic remodeling.

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“…DNA methylation is the covalent attachment of methyl groups to DNA bases, occurring primarily on the 5' position of cytosine bases in eukaryotic DNA. Cytosines targeted for methylation most often occur in CpG dinucleotides, where a cytosine precedes a guanine, although cytosine methylation can also occur at CpA, CpT and CpC sites [19]. CpG dinucleotides often cluster together as CpG Islands (CGIs) and are commonly found in the 5' promoter region of genes where methylation suppresses and promotes gene expression, respectively [20][21][22].…”

Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%