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Creating earth models for deep-water appraisal and development studies is perhaps the most challenging task confronting the petroleum geologist today. Data are limited (few wells, limited core, untested seismic quality), time is limited and drilling, testing and facilities costs are very high. Uncertainty in geological characterization of the reservoir can have the greatest potential impact on project value. How can a thorough characterization of reservoir uncertainty be made based on limited data and in a timely fashion? A workflow for creation of suites of models for appraisal and development studies of deep-water reservoirs is described. The goal of the workflow is to rapidly construct suites of earth models based on limited data that capture the full range of uncertainty in reservoir characteristics and properties. After characterizing possible distributions for individual parameters, suites of earth models are built in a single step using an experimental design framework, aided by a powerful workflow manager which automates earth model construction. Earth models created using the experimental design framework are seamlessly linked to flow simulation software. Plackett–Burman, folded Plackett–Burman and Full Factorial experimental designs were used in different appraisal and development cases. Multiple experimental designs were produced by adding and modifying uncertainty parameters as additional data arrived, and ideas about the possible character of the reservoir evolved. In the appraisal case described here, 6 experimental designs were made, 388 earth models were created and studied, and 79 of those models were dynamically simulated. The process of quickly building and re-building suites of earth models using experimental designs to address changing perceptions and concerns about uncertainty in reservoir character is termed here ‘procycling’. Procycling is complementary to experimental design studies, in that multiple experimental designs are employed over time: procycling focuses on changes in predictions made by individual experimental design studies. The results of procycling are not necessarily to change the perception of uncertainty (for example the range of possible outcomes), but to anchor what the limits of uncertainty are and what the most important uncertainties are with the given data.
Creating earth models for deep-water appraisal and development studies is perhaps the most challenging task confronting the petroleum geologist today. Data are limited (few wells, limited core, untested seismic quality), time is limited and drilling, testing and facilities costs are very high. Uncertainty in geological characterization of the reservoir can have the greatest potential impact on project value. How can a thorough characterization of reservoir uncertainty be made based on limited data and in a timely fashion? A workflow for creation of suites of models for appraisal and development studies of deep-water reservoirs is described. The goal of the workflow is to rapidly construct suites of earth models based on limited data that capture the full range of uncertainty in reservoir characteristics and properties. After characterizing possible distributions for individual parameters, suites of earth models are built in a single step using an experimental design framework, aided by a powerful workflow manager which automates earth model construction. Earth models created using the experimental design framework are seamlessly linked to flow simulation software. Plackett–Burman, folded Plackett–Burman and Full Factorial experimental designs were used in different appraisal and development cases. Multiple experimental designs were produced by adding and modifying uncertainty parameters as additional data arrived, and ideas about the possible character of the reservoir evolved. In the appraisal case described here, 6 experimental designs were made, 388 earth models were created and studied, and 79 of those models were dynamically simulated. The process of quickly building and re-building suites of earth models using experimental designs to address changing perceptions and concerns about uncertainty in reservoir character is termed here ‘procycling’. Procycling is complementary to experimental design studies, in that multiple experimental designs are employed over time: procycling focuses on changes in predictions made by individual experimental design studies. The results of procycling are not necessarily to change the perception of uncertainty (for example the range of possible outcomes), but to anchor what the limits of uncertainty are and what the most important uncertainties are with the given data.
The understanding and accuracy of modeling fluid flow behavior in naturally fractured carbonate reservoir is critical in predicting reservoir sweep efficiency, remaining drilling targets and evaluating field development alternatives. The use of appropriate complex wells design such as Horizontals, (H) Multi-laterals (ML) and completion technology such as equalizers (ICD) or Inflow Control Valves (ICV) are of equal importance. The approach presented in this paper is based on detailed integrated analysis of all available well data including logs, production, pressure transient analysis (PTA), fracture distributions, well flow profiles (PLT) etc, to provide a first-line insight of the fractured reservoir fluid flow mechanism. These first-line insights provide the basis to develop mechanistic or concept reservoir simulation models to fine-tune fluid movement understanding in fractures, reservoir matrix, well types (H, ML) and completion placement to field development strategies. Sector modeling provides further insight to well design in field areas of different rock quality and fracture density. Well type and completion strategy alternatives for each identified field area including intelligent smart well completions are developed and tested in each sector model. The combined developed understanding of fluid flow mechanisms, well type and completion strategy are rolled up and implemented into a full field simulation model, fine tuned through history match and prediction processes. This paper describes the methodology used to study a number of naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs through the integrated "Event Solution"1 study approach. The methodology presented in this paper was applied on a number of large Middle East carbonate fields. The fields studied have naturally fractured reservoirs with two distinct fracture systems. Namely, fracture corridors or clusters and diffuse or layer-bounded fractures. Diffuse fractures are typically horizontal (layer-bounded fractures) inter-connect with the fracture corridors which are normally vertical to sub-vertical. This fracture system combination forms a highly conductive fluid flow and pressure medium which is responsible for observed water movement as well as pressure propagation from the aquifer/injectors into the reservoirs. Background Literature presented some methodologies to numerically simulate fracture corridors and diffuse fractures systems in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs. Halilu et al.2 presented a method for large fields dominated by clusters of sub-vertical fractures called fracture corridors. In this study, the effective Warren-Root and fracture parameters were adjusted to mimic explicit fracture modeling to represent fractures corridors. The study results showed that fluid flow in these fields is largely influenced by large scale fracture corridors. These large scale fracture corridors were lately named fracture fairways.
One of the traditional problems associated with technical training is the disconnect between the training organization in charge of arranging and offering the training, and the line organizations whose engineers are receiving the training. This often results in somewhat random and unfocused training that is not always aligned with the current and future business needs of the company. Saudi Aramco has introduced the concept of the Professional Development Advisor (PDA), who serves as the intermediary between the line organization, management and the training organization. This paper discusses the roles and responsibilities of the PDA, as well as the organizational and administrative structure established to facilitate effective execution of the numerous PDA duties. Professional Development Advisors represent the line organizations within the training organization. They are technical experts responsible for managing the curriculum for their respective disciplines. PDAs provide technical oversight of their curriculum, ensuring that it remains current and responsive to the needs of the company. Interacting extensively with their line organization as well as the other departments in the training organization, they ensure effective integration of the various training and development components, including formal training, work assignments and e-learning. The ultimate goal of PDAs is to ensure that the structure and content of technical development programs effectively and efficiently produce competent engineers and geoscientists who can contribute to their technical organizations. Introduction One of the most frequently used phrases floating throughout the industry in the past few years relates to the changing demographics of the workforce; the "crew change" is no longer impending, it's here. The combination of increased activity, manpower shortages, and a large portion of the workforce on the verge of retirement is stretching the technical capacity of many companies. Throw in the rapid technology advancements in our industry, and the need for effective and efficient training programs is clearly critical to the success of an oil company.
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