The evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux among children using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a literature review

Chua, Michael; Kim, J.K.; Mendoza, Jonathan S.; Fernández, Nicolás; Ming, Jessica M.; Marson, Alanna; Lorenzo, Armando J.; Lopes, Roberto Iglesias; Takahashi, Marcelo Straus

doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.11.006

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The last Swiss consensus recommendations on UTI were published in 2013 [6]. Based on recent data and in line with international guidelines [7,8], the Swiss recommendations have now been updated in regard to approaches to diagnosis [9][10][11], type and duration of antimicrobial treatment [9][10][11][12][13][14], indications for imaging [15,16], and antibiotic prophylaxis [17][18][19][20]. As the age of the patient at presentation is an important factor regarding clinical management, specific recommendations are, where relevant, stratified by age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swiss consensus recommendations on urinary tract infections in children

et al. 2020

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The kidneys and the urinary tract are a common source of infection in children of all ages, especially infants and young children. The main risk factors for sequelae after urinary tract infections (UTI) are congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and bladder-bowel dysfunction. UTI should be considered in every child with fever without a source. The differentiation between upper and lower UTI is crucial for appropriate management. Method of urine collection should be based on age and risk factors. The diagnosis of UTI requires urine analysis and significant growth of a pathogen in culture. Treatment of UTI should be based on practical considerations regarding age and presentation with adjustment of the initial antimicrobial treatment according to antimicrobial sensitivity testing. All children, regardless of age, should have an ultrasound of the urinary tract performed after pyelonephritis. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended. Conclusion: Based on recent data and in line with international guidelines, multidisciplinary Swiss consensus recommendations were developed by members of Swiss pediatric infectious diseases, nephrology, and urology societies giving the clinician clear recommendations in regard to diagnosis, type and duration of therapy, antimicrobial treatment options, indication for imaging, and antibiotic prophylaxis. What is Known:• Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common and important clinical problem in childhood. Although children with pyelonephritis tend to present with fever, it can be difficult on clinical grounds to distinguish cystitis from pyelonephritis, particularly in young children less than 2 years of age.• Method of urine collection is based on age and risk factors. The diagnosis of UTI requires urine analysis and significant growth of a pathogen in culture. What is New:• Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) remains a risk factor for UTI but per se is neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of renal scars. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and bladder-bowel dysfunction play a more important role as causes of long-term sequelae. In general, antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended.• A switch to oral antibiotics should be considered already in young infants. Indications for invasive imaging are more restrictive and reserved for patients with abnormal renal ultrasound, complicated UTI, and infections with pathogens other than E. coli.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swiss consensus recommendations on urinary tract infections in children

et al. 2020

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“…VCU 9%). The exception is suspected pathology of the urethra where the method of choice is still VCU ( 16 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantage is that, in addition to functional evaluation of the existence of VUR, ceVUS also provides anatomic evaluation of the kidney and bladder via ultrasound ( 5 ). However, it should be noted that this is a highly subjective procedure, and it depends on the knowledge and experience of the practicing physician ( 16 ). There are certain limitations of the procedure as well, such as possible artifacts due to ultrasound contrast, limited possibility in the examination of fistulas in children with anorectal anomalies or anatomic details of the bladder neck, poor cooperation of the child, or inability to clearly show the kidney due to severe scoliosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Our Experience with Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography

Rubelj

Oletić

Morić

et al. 2021

ACC

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“…Voiding urosonography is the main alternative to voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in children, excellent agreement between the two techniques having been demonstrated. In a recent review of the literature, Chua et al (22) observed that 90% sensitivity and 93% specificity in comparison with VCUG. In addition, voiding urosonography presents excellent spatial and temporal resolution and has an excellent safety profile.…”

Section: Voiding Urosonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in pediatrics

et al. 2021

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Although contrast-enhanced ultrasound has been shown to provide considerable benefits, particularly in pediatric patients, it is still used relatively rarely in Brazil. It has proven to be a safe technique, and adverse effects are rare. In this review, we address the technique and main applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the pediatric population, including the evaluation of focal liver lesions, abdominal trauma, kidney grafts, liver grafts, bowel loops, and vesicoureteral reflux. It is important for pediatric radiologists to be acquainted with this promising tool, understanding its applications and limitations.

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The evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux among children using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a literature review

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Swiss consensus recommendations on urinary tract infections in children

Swiss consensus recommendations on urinary tract infections in children

Our Experience with Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography

Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in pediatrics

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