The evaluation of surface variations in solar radiation income

Garnier, B. J.; Ohmura, Atsumu

doi:10.1016/0038-092x(70)90004-6

Cited by 76 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The net radiation algorithm is derived from equations developed by Brunt (1932), Brutsaert (1982) and Garnier and Ohmura (1970) with local atmospheric coefficients based upon observations at Bad Lake.…”

Section: Energy Balance Snowmelt Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence

Pomeroy¹,

Gray²,

Brown³

et al. 2007

Hydrological Processes

423

414

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Abstract:After a programme of integrated field and modelling research, hydrological processes of considerable uncertainty such as snow redistribution by wind, snow interception, sublimation, snowmelt, infiltration into frozen soils, hillslope water movement over permafrost, actual evaporation, and radiation exchange to complex surfaces have been described using physically based algorithms. The cold regions hydrological model (CRHM) platform, a flexible object-oriented modelling system was devised to incorporate these algorithms and others and to connect them for purposes of simulating the cold regions hydrological cycle over small to medium sized basins. Landscape elements in CRHM can be linked episodically in process-specific cascades via blowing snow transport, overland flow, organic layer subsurface flow, mineral interflow, groundwater flow, and streamflow. CRHM has a simple user interface but no provision for calibration; parameters and model structure are selected based on the understanding of the hydrological system; as such the model can be used both for prediction and for diagnosis of the adequacy of hydrological understanding. The model is described and demonstrated in basins from the semi-arid prairie to boreal forest, mountain and muskeg regions of Canada where traditional hydrological models have great difficulty in describing hydrological phenomena. Some success is shown in simulating various elements of the hydrological cycle without calibration; this is encouraging for predicting hydrology in ungauged basins.

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Section: Energy Balance Snowmelt Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence

Pomeroy¹,

Gray²,

Brown³

et al. 2007

Hydrological Processes

423

414

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“…Radiation module (Garnier and Ohmura, 1970): calculates the theoretical global radiation, direct and diffuse solar radiation, as well as maximum sunshine hours based on latitude, elevation, ground slope, and azimuth, providing radiation inputs to the sunshine hour module, the energy-budget snowmelt module, and the net all-wave radiation module.…”

Section: Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-variable evaluation of hydrological model predictions for a headwater basin in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Fang

Pomeroy

Ellis

et al. 2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

113

151

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Abstract.One of the purposes of the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM) is to diagnose inadequacies in the understanding of the hydrological cycle and its simulation. A physically based hydrological model including a full suite of snow and cold regions hydrology processes as well as warm season, hillslope and groundwater hydrology was developed in CRHM for application in the Marmot Creek Research Basin (∼ 9.4 km 2 ), located in the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Parameters were selected from digital elevation model, forest, soil, and geological maps, and from the results of many cold regions hydrology studies in the region and elsewhere. Non-calibrated simulations were conducted for six hydrological years during the period 2005-2011 and were compared with detailed field observations of several hydrological cycle components. The results showed good model performance for snow accumulation and snowmelt compared to the field observations for four seasons during the period 2007-2011, with a small bias and normalised root mean square difference (NRMSD) ranging from 40 to 42 % for the subalpine conifer forests and from 31 to 67 % for the alpine tundra and treeline larch forest environments. Overestimation or underestimation of the peak SWE ranged from 1.6 to 29 %. Simulations matched well with the observed unfrozen moisture fluctuation in the top soil layer at a lodgepole pine site during the period 2006-2011, with a NRMSD ranging from 17 to 39 %, but with consistent overestimation of 7 to 34 %. Evaluations of seasonal streamflow during the period 2006-2011 revealed that the model generally predicted well compared to observations at the basin scale, with a NRMSD of 60 % and small model bias (1 %), while at the sub-basin scale NRMSDs were larger, ranging from 72 to 76 %, though overestimation or underestimation for the cumulative seasonal discharge was within 29 %. Timing of discharge was better predicted at the Marmot Creek basin outlet, having a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.58 compared to the outlets of the sub-basins where NSE ranged from 0.2 to 0.28. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of 0.15 and 0.17 for comparisons between the simulated groundwater storage and observed groundwater level fluctuation at two wells indicate weak but positive correlations. The model results are encouraging for uncalibrated prediction and indicate research priorities to improve simulations of snow accumulation at treeline, groundwater dynamics, and small-scale runoff generation processes in this environment. The study shows that improved hydrological cycle model prediction can be derived from improved hydrological understanding and therefore is a model that can be applied for prediction in ungauged basins.

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“…Relevant modules for simulation of wetland snowmelt hydrological processes include the Prairie Blowing Snow Model (PBSM) (Pomeroy and Li, 2000), the EnergyBudget Snowmelt Model (EBSM) (Gray and Landine, 1988), Gray's parametric expression for snowmelt infiltration (Gray et al, 2001), Granger's evaporation expression for estimating actual evaporation from unsaturated surfaces (Granger and Gray, 1989;Granger and Pomeroy, 1997), a soil-moisture balance model for calculating soilmoisture balance and drainage (Leavesley et al, 1983), and Clark's lag and route runoff timing estimation procedure (Clark, 1945). These modules are assembled along with modules for radiation estimation and albedo changes (Garnier and Ohmura, 1970;Gray and Landine, 1987;Granger and Gray, 1990). To calculate the water balance of a basin, modules are linked into a purpose-built model for the basin of interest.…”

Section: Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought impacts on Canadian prairie wetland snow hydrology

Fang

Pomeroy

2008

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:Droughts affect the Canadian prairies on a regular basis. The drought of 1999-2005 was the most recent one and was the most severe on record for part of the region. It was characterized by lack of precipitation, desiccation of agricultural soils, decline in groundwater tables and depletion of surface water supplies. The effects on wetlands were particularly severe, with many wetlands completely drying out. The physically based cold regions hydrological modelling (CRHM) platform was used to analyse the impacts of this recent drought on water flow to and storage within a small Canadian prairie wetland. Model simulations were conducted for a small closed basin for the drought period of 1999-2005 and the relatively wet period of [2005][2006]. The basin consists of a cultivated upland, draining into a glacially formed pothole depression with no outlet. The wetland fills the depression in wet years and is underlain by a heavy glacial till that impedes groundwater exchange. Results from the observations and model outputs showed that much lower precipitation and snow accumulation, shorter snow-covered duration, enhanced winter evaporation, and much lower discharge to the wetland from basin snowmelt runoff developed in the severe drought years of 1999-2002. As a result, there were only 14Ð9, 3Ð7, and 14Ð4 mm of snowmelt runoff for the springs of 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. Compared to the 68Ð2 mm of melt-water discharge in the spring of 2006, discharge to the wetland was 78, 95, and 79% less for these years. This is consistent with the observed water level in the wetland, which shows dramatic decline over this period. CRHM was used to investigate the potential impact of snow management as a tool to enhance runoff to the wetland during droughts. Model runs parameterized with suppressed vegetation in the cultivated land surrounding the wetland showed increased blowing snow transport to the wetland from an area exceeding the basin area that resulted in greater snow accumulation in and melt-water supply to the wetland.

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The evaluation of surface variations in solar radiation income

Cited by 76 publications

References 1 publication

The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence

The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence

Multi-variable evaluation of hydrological model predictions for a headwater basin in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Drought impacts on Canadian prairie wetland snow hydrology

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