The evaluation of insufficient cognitive effort in schizophrenia in light of low IQ scores

Whearty, Kayla M.; Allen, Daniel N.; Lee, Bern G.; Strauss, Gregory P.

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.018

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Motivation may be an additional potential explanation for this finding (Allen & Courchesne, 2001), but unfortunately there are no metrics within the TOMAL that provide a measure of motivation. Surpassing a minimal string-length of digits is thought to reflect appropriate mental effort (Lezak, Howieson, Bigler, & Tranel, 2012; Whearty, Allen, Lee, & Strauss, 2015). Both the LIQ and AIQ groups on average met minimal digit string-length to suggest task engagement and appropriate effort during testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory attention in autism spectrum disorder: An exploration of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging findings

Lalani

Duffield

Trontel

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Studies have shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to perform significantly below typically developing individuals on standardized measures of attention, even when controlling for IQ. The current study sought to examine within ASD whether anatomical correlates of attention performance differed between those with average to above-average IQ (AIQ group) and those with low-average to borderline ability (LIQ group) as well as in comparison to typically developing controls (TDC). Using automated volumetric analyses, we examined regional volume of classic attention areas including the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus in ASD AIQ (n = 38) and LIQ (n = 18) individuals along with 30 TDC. Auditory attention performance was assessed using subtests of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) compared among the groups and then correlated with regional brain volumes. Analyses revealed group differences in attention. The three groups did not differ significantly on any auditory attention-related brain volumes; however, trends toward significant size-attention function interactions were observed. Negative correlations were found between the volume of the precuneus and auditory attention performance for the AIQ ASD group, indicating larger volume related to poorer performance. Implications for general attention functioning and dysfunctional neural connectivity in ASD are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory attention in autism spectrum disorder: An exploration of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging findings

Lalani

Duffield

Trontel

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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“…43 Whearty et al's study of 60 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder reported that 28% failed RDS ≤6% and 36% failed finger-tapping. 44…”

Section: Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance validity test failure in clinical populations—a systematic review

McWhirter

Ritchie

Stone

et al. 2020

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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Performance validity tests (PVTs) are widely used in attempts to quantify effort and/or detect negative response bias during neuropsychological testing. However, it can be challenging to interpret the meaning of poor PVT performance in a clinical context. Compensation-seeking populations predominate in the PVT literature. We aimed to establish base rates of PVT failure in clinical populations without known external motivation to underperform. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO for studies reporting PVT failure rates in adults with defined clinical diagnoses, excluding studies of active or veteran military personnel, forensic populations or studies of participants known to be litigating or seeking disability benefits. Results were summarised by diagnostic group and implications discussed. Our review identified 69 studies, and 45 different PVTs or indices, in clinical populations with intellectual disability, degenerative brain disease, brain injury, psychiatric disorders, functional disorders and epilepsy. Various pass/fail cut-off scores were described. PVT failure was common in all clinical groups described, with failure rates for some groups and tests exceeding 25%. PVT failure is common across a range of clinical conditions, even in the absence of obvious incentive to underperform. Failure rates are no higher in functional disorders than in other clinical conditions. As PVT failure indicates invalidity of other attempted neuropsychological tests, the finding of frequent and unexpected failure in a range of clinical conditions raises important questions about the degree of objectivity afforded to neuropsychological tests in clinical practice and research.

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“…Closely related to motivation is effort (Fervaha et al 2013). Studies consistently find that decreased effort correlates with worse neurocognitive performance for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Schmand et al 1994; Gorissen et al 2005; van Beilen et al 2005; Avery et al 2009; Foussias et al 2015; Morra et al 2015; Strauss et al 2015; Whearty et al 2015). Additionally, the decreased effort has been identified as a mediator of the relationship between motivation and neurocognitive performance (Foussias et al 2015).…”

Section: Evaluation Of Neurocognitive Performance In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

What accounts for poor functioning in people with schizophrenia: a re-evaluation of the contributions of neurocognitive v. attitudinal and motivational factors

et al. 2018

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The evaluation of insufficient cognitive effort in schizophrenia in light of low IQ scores

Cited by 14 publications

References 57 publications

Auditory attention in autism spectrum disorder: An exploration of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging findings

Auditory attention in autism spectrum disorder: An exploration of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging findings

Performance validity test failure in clinical populations—a systematic review

What accounts for poor functioning in people with schizophrenia: a re-evaluation of the contributions of neurocognitive v. attitudinal and motivational factors

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