The European Union Emissions Trading System: Ten Years and Counting

The Impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on Regulated Firms: What Is the Evidence after Ten Years?

“…Research on the pass-through of emission costs in the electricity sector also relates to the controversial issue of "windfall profits" (Ellerman, Marcantonini, and Zaklan 2016), which occur only if the EUA price is passed on to the electricity price. In a widely cited study, Sijm, Neuhoff, and Chen (2006) combine price data on forward and spot market prices of electricity in Germany and the Netherlands with EUA price data to estimate the pass-through of CO 2 costs to electricity prices.…”

Don't link carbon markets

“…After the financial crisis, falling industrial output coupled with changing environmental policies lowered emissions across Europe, leaving power plants with allowances to spare. Joining the CDM added more emissions credits to a system that was already awash with them 4 . The European Commission has introduced reforms to reduce the glut.…”

A research on EU trade policy system

“…However, an indisputable fact is that, in line with the expansion of trade concepts, trade policy coverage is not limited to border measures, but also to trade-related domestic policies and measures. According to WTO rules, trade policy focuses on trade-related policy measures, including trade in goods and services, trade-related investment policies, and trade-related IP policies (Ellerman et al, 2015). Moreover, with the deepening development of the multilateral trading system, new issues are being introduced, and trade policy will also involve investment policy, competition policy, environmental policy, labor policy and other fields.…”