The European Standard Reference Method systematically underestimates particulate matter in stack emissions

Antonsson, E.; Cordes, Jens; Stoffels, Benno; Wildanger, Dominik

doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100133

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

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“…Nevertheless, these emission factors are only available for TSP. In order to extend the information in public inventories such as E-PRTR and harmonize the key control parameters between air quality and industrial emissions (TSP, PM 10 , and PM 2.5 ), the rationale of the present study was, firstly, to develop a sampling methodology based on the previous study performed by Erlich et al [ 47 , 48 ] and other previous studies performed at industrial scale [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]; secondly, to determine PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 emission factors associated with different stages that take place during the ceramic tiles manufacturing process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Channeled PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Celades

Sanfélix

López-Lilao

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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A sampling methodology and a mathematical data treatment were developed that enable to determine not only total suspended particulates (TSP) emitted at channeled sources but also the PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass fractions (w10, w2.5, and w1) and emission factors (E.F.), using a seven-stage cascade impactor. Moreover, a chemical analysis was performed to identify the elements present in these emissions. The proposed methodology was applied to different stages of the ceramic process, including ambient temperature (milling, shaping, glazing) and medium–high-temperature (spray-drying, drying, firing, and frit melting) stages. In total, more than 100 measurements were performed (pilot scale and industrial scale), which leads to a measurement time of 1500 h. Related to the mass fractions, in general, the mean values of w10 after the fabric filters operated at high performance are high and with little dispersion (75–85%), and it is also observed that they are practically independent of the stage considered, i.e., they are not significantly dependent on the initial PSD of the stream to be treated. In the case of the fine fraction w2.5, the behavior is more complex (w2.5: 30–60%), probably because the only variable is not the cleaning system, but also the nature of the processed material. Regarding abatement measures, the use of high-efficiency cleaning systems considerably reduces the emission factors obtained for fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. In reference to chemical analysis, the presence of ZrO2 and Ni in the spray-drying and pressing stages, the significant concentration of ZrO2 in the glazing stage, the presence of Pb, As, and Zn in the firing stage, and the presence of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As compounds in the frits manufacturing should all be highlighted. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the use of some compounds, such as cadmium and lead, has been very limited in the last years and, therefore, presumably, the presence of these elements in the emissions should have been also reduced in the same way.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Channeled PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Celades

Sanfélix

López-Lilao

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Feasibility of Using Isokinetic Sampling Techniques to Extract a Representative Sample from Processes in the United Kingdom

Nicklin

Darabkhani

2022

Atmosphere

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The requirement to monitor and control particulate emissions from industrial processes using continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) has significantly increased over recent years. Under current legislation, CEMS equipment requires calibration against the standard reference method (SRM) using isokinetic sampling and gravimetric analysis under controlled conditions as detailed through BS EN 13284-1 “Stationary source emissions–Determination of low range mass concentration of dust. Manual gravimetric method”. This process includes pumping a known volume of gas through a filter, which is weighed before and after sampling, and the total mass of dust per m3 can then be calculated to output results in mg/m3. As tougher legislation is introduced and stringent emission limit values (ELVs) are imposed on emissions processes in the United Kingdom (UK), the calibration of CEMS is increasingly more difficult due to the reliability of the SRM at low concentrations. The accuracy of results from the SRM and therefore CEMS equipment must be questioned when the uncertainty of measurement is higher than process ELVs. This research analyses data taken from an industrial survey and 21 UK processes where the standard reference method, in accordance with the procedure in BS EN 13284-1 has been used for particulate measurement. Investigating the reliability of isokinetic sampling when used as a method to extract a representative sample from a stack process when used in conjunction with innovative, alternative methods of sample analysis. In processes with particulate emissions <5 mg/m3, 80.7% of the total sample was collected in the rinse, and for processes >5 mg/m3, 56.4% of the sample was collected in the rinse. The data does not suggest any correlation between any of the measured parameters and the percentage of particulate in the rinse, including the stack velocity, isokinetic percentage, sample volume, and total mass concentration.

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The European Standard Reference Method systematically underestimates particulate matter in stack emissions

Cited by 2 publications

References 40 publications

Channeled PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Channeled PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Feasibility of Using Isokinetic Sampling Techniques to Extract a Representative Sample from Processes in the United Kingdom

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