The European Shale: An improved data set for normalisation of rare earth element and yttrium concentrations in environmental and biological samples from Europe

Bau, Michael; Schmidt, Katja; Pack, Andreas; Bendel, Verena; Kraemer, Dennis

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.01.008

Cited by 106 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The powders were acid-digested according to the protocol of Kraemer et al (2019) with a mixture of suprapure HF-HClO 4 in a Picotrace DAS digestion unit and analyzed with a Perkin-Elmer Nexion 350x ICP-MS at the Geochemistry Laboratory of Jacobs University Bremen. REY concentrations are normalized to European Shale (EUS) of Bau et al (2018). Normalized data is indicated with the subscript SN (shalenormalized).…”

Section: Solution Icp-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Niederschlag fluorite-(barite) deposit, Erzgebirge/Germany—a fluid inclusion and trace element study

Haschke

Gutzmer

Wohlgemuth‐Ueberwasser

et al. 2021

Miner Deposita

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The Niederschlag fluorite-barite vein deposit in the Western Erzgebirge, Germany, has been actively mined since 2013. We present the results of a first comprehensive study of the mineralogy, petrography, fluid inclusions, and trace element geochemistry of fluorite related to the Niederschlag deposit. Two different stages of fluorite mineralization are recognized. Stage I fluorite is older, fine-grained, associated with quartz, and forms complex breccia and replacement textures. Conversely, the younger Stage II fluorite is accompanied by barite and often occurs as banded and coarse crystalline open-space infill. Fluid inclusion and REY systematics are distinctly different for these two fluorite stages. Fluid inclusions in fluorite I reveal the presence of a low to medium saline (7–20% eq. w (NaCl+CaCl2)) fluid with homogenization temperatures of 140–180 °C, whereas fluorite II inclusions yield distinctly lower (80–120 °C) homogenization temperatures with at least two high salinity fluids involved (18–27% eq. w (NaCl+CaCl2)). In the absence of geochronological data, the genesis of the earlier generation of fluorite-quartz mineralization remains enigmatic but is tentatively related to Permian magmatism in the Erzgebirge. The younger fluorite-barite mineralization, on the other hand, has similarities to many fluorite-barite-Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits in Europe that are widely accepted to be related to the Mesozoic opening of the northern Atlantic Ocean.

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Section: Solution Icp-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Niederschlag fluorite-(barite) deposit, Erzgebirge/Germany—a fluid inclusion and trace element study

Haschke

Gutzmer

Wohlgemuth‐Ueberwasser

et al. 2021

Miner Deposita

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“…There is a variation in major and trace element concentrations of > 15% between the duplicates/triplicates of most samples. This variability is surprisingly high and has not been encountered in our laboratory in studies of other materials 39,55,56 . Nevertheless, in order to exclude analytical error, selected samples were re-measured on an Elan DRCe ICP-MS, i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Potential of garnet sand as an unconventional resource of the critical high-technology metals scandium and rare earth elements

Klimpel

Bau

Graupner

2021

Sci Rep

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Scandium is a critical raw material that is essential for the EU economy because of its potential application in enabling technologies such as fuel cells and lightweight materials. As there is currently no secure supply of Sc, several projects worldwide evaluate potential Sc sources. While elsewhere in Europe emphasis is placed upon secondary resources such as red mud, we investigated the potential of industrial garnet sand and its waste products. Since Sc readily substitutes for Mg and Fe in the crystal lattice of garnet, the garnet minerals almandine and pyrope, in particular, may show high Sc concentrations. Garnet sand, after being used as an abrasive in the cutting and sandblasting industry, is recycled several times before it is finally considered waste which eventually must be disposed of. Extraction of Sc (and rare earth elements, REE) from such garnet sand may generate added value and thereby reduce disposal cost. The studied garnet sands from different mines in Australia, India and the U.S., and industrial garnet sands commercially available in Germany from different suppliers show average Sc concentrations of 93.7 mg/kg and 90.7 mg/kg, respectively, i.e. similar to red mud. Our data also show that “fresh” and recycled garnet sands yield similar Sc concentrations. Within the framework of a minimum-waste approach, it may be feasible to utilize the industrial waste-product “garnet sand” as an unconventional source of Sc and REE, that reduces disposal cost.

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“…The accuracy and precision of the analytical methodology for elemental determinations were assessed by replicate analysis of certified reference material BCR-146. The normalization was done according to Loring and Rantala (1992) through the ratio of the reference metal Aluminum and the element Yttrium (Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961;Prokisch et al, 2000;Bau et al, 2018). Blanks and the concurrent analysis of the standard reference material were used to detect possible contamination/losses during analysis.…”

Section: Element Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline Study of Trace Element Concentrations in Sediments of the Intertidal Zone of Amazonian Oceanic Beaches

et al. 2021

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Analyzing the presence and quantifying trace elements is of paramount importance to understand natural environmental processes and monitor the degree of anthropogenic disturbance to mitigate impacts already caused. Here, we aimed to establish a baseline of the trace elements profile and concentrations in sandy sediments of intertidal areas of three Amazonian beaches (Brazil). For each beach, sediments were collected from three different sectors (south, center, and north) and five shoreline distance levels (from the high- to the low-water mark), totalizing 15 samples per beach. The concentration of the different trace elements (Mg, Al, P, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Cd, Sn, I, Hg, and Pb) was determined by Total reflection X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Sediment was also characterized for its grain size, organic matter, and pH. To assess possible enrichment due to anthropogenic activities we compared trace element levels with the values for the Earth’s crust and calculated pollution indexes: geoaccumulation index (Igeo), ecological risk index (RI), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and sediment quality guideline (SQG), threshold effects level (TEL) and probable effects level (PEL). Individual trace metal concentrations did not vary significantly between beaches, sectors, or sample levels, evidencing a homogeneity of trace elements composition and concentrations across this environment. Igeo indicated 62.2% of the sampling stations uncontaminated, 20.0% from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated, and 4.44% (two sampling stations) strongly contaminated, the same two areas classified as high ecological risk by RI. Most of the sampling points presented low CF. Cadmium and Hg were the only elements that showed moderate to very high values of CF. According to the SQGs, 77.7 and 8.8% of the sampling points presented values above the moderate threshold effect level (SQG-TEL) and probable effect level (SQG-PEL), respectively. All points were classified as non-polluted according to the PLI. Our results show that the three beaches present safe levels of almost of the elements demonstrating the good state of preservation. Most of the indexes classified the sampling points as non-polluted, except for Cd and Hg in a few specific sampling points.

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The European Shale: An improved data set for normalisation of rare earth element and yttrium concentrations in environmental and biological samples from Europe

Cited by 106 publications

References 24 publications

The Niederschlag fluorite-(barite) deposit, Erzgebirge/Germany—a fluid inclusion and trace element study

The Niederschlag fluorite-(barite) deposit, Erzgebirge/Germany—a fluid inclusion and trace element study

Potential of garnet sand as an unconventional resource of the critical high-technology metals scandium and rare earth elements

Baseline Study of Trace Element Concentrations in Sediments of the Intertidal Zone of Amazonian Oceanic Beaches

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