The EU Offer of Service Trade Liberalization in the Doha Round: Evidence of a Not-Yet-Perfect Customs Union*

Langhammer, Rolf J.

doi:10.1111/j.0021-9886.2005.00557.x

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Note that there is some variation in EU Members' commitments, illustrating that the EU is not (yet) a customs union for services (Langhammer 2005 Gootiiz and Mattoo (2009a) provide a recent comprehensive compilation and analysis of GATS commitments and compare these with new data on the restrictiveness of applied policies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Services Trade and Policy

François

Hoekman

2010

Journal of Economic Literature

535

410

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Services Trade and Policy Joseph Francois University of Linz and CEPR Bernard Hoekman World Bank and CEPR December 2009Abstract: Since the mid-1980s a substantial body of research has taken shape on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the WTO and regional trade agreements. However, an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of unilateral services sector liberalization. The literature touches on important linkages between trade and FDI in services and the general pattern of productivity growth and economic development. This paper surveys the literature on services trade, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade, and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. There is increasing evidence that services liberalization is a major potential source of gains in economic performance, including productivity in manufacturing and the coordination of activities both between and within firms. The performance of service sectors, and thus services policies, may also be an important determinant of trade volumes, the distributional effects of trade, and overall patterns of economic growth and development. At the same time, services trade is also a source of increasing political unease about the impacts of globalization on labor markets, linked to worries about offshoring and the potential pressure this places on wages in high income countries.JEL codes: F1, F2, F5, L80

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Services Trade and Policy

François

Hoekman

2010

Journal of Economic Literature

535

410

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“…Restrictions on trade in services can be classified into frequency indicators, quantity-based measures and price-based measures. The frequency indicators are constructed based on qualitative information which is translated via a system of scores and weights into quantitative measures (Hoekmann, 1996;Nguyen-Hong, 2000;Langhammer, 2005). 13 The OECD has developed and recently updated indicators of product market regulation (PMR).…”

Section: A Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade Effects of the European Union's Service Directive: Contrastingex anteEstimates with Empirical Evidence

Dettmer

2014

World Economy

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One of the top priorities to improve the European Union's growth performance is the creation of a single market for services. The directive on services adopted by the Parliament and the Council by the end of 2006 aims at removing barriers to the free movement of service providers on the internal market. Previous studies quantified ex ante sizable effects of implementing the directive in its original form. This paper is a first attempt to evaluate ex post the trade effects induced by a directive – which excludes the country‐of‐origin principle – by performing a difference‐in‐difference‐(in‐differences) estimator on a sample of EU‐ and non‐EU countries in the period 2004 to 10. We account for non‐tariff trade barriers and the endogeneity of regional trade agreements and find that the service directive adds to a reallocation of business services trade within the EU. Accounting for the trade effect of past deregulations, the EU directive fosters a deeper integration of the new member states into the European service value‐added‐chain and promotes business service exports from third countries towards the EU significantly more than trade of country pairs in the control group. The reorientation of the EU‐15 towards the new members is in turn associated with less intense intra‐EU‐10 businesses, while business trade between EU‐15 members is not significantly affected.

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“…For example, Lejour, Rojas-Romagosa and Verweij (2008) emphasize efforts within the EU to deepen integration of European services markets. The EU is not (yet) a customs union for services (Langhammer, 2005), and deeper integration in this area is politically contested. Lejour et al estimate that while there are potential gains from further integration of EU markets, magnitudes depend on the extent to which intra-EU barriers protect rents, or actually involve dead-weight costs.…”

Section: Modeling Regional Services Liberalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

CGE Modeling of Market Access in Services

Christen¹,

François²,

Hoekman³

2012

Policy Research Working Papers

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Bernard Hoekman World Bank, and CEPRJune 2012 * We are grateful to Peter Dixon for tremendous patience, and to both him and David Tarr for very constructive and helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. All views expressed are strictly personal and should not be attributed to the World Bank. This is a "working draft" version of a handbook chapter. AbstractThis paper examines how the applied multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) literature has moved into quantification of the impacts of greater market access for services. This includes discussion of multisector linkages to the service sector, as well both measuring barriers to trade and investment (generally with a mix of firm surveys, price comparisons, and econometrics), and how changes in these barriers, however measured, have been implemented in the CGE literature. Three challenges are highlighted. The first is identification of how trade in services takes place and how market access is therefore affected by policy. The second is to find data sufficiently robust for modeling purposes. The third, linked to the data problem, is to quantify the barriers to be examined. Significant progress has been made in modeling foreign direct investment and linking this to productivity, which turns out to be important. The paper also provides an example of modeling productivity linkages to openness and domestic regulation, with an applied CGE model of Italy. This illustrates cross-sector linkages and the integration of economic data and policy measures to define service sector experiments. Priorities for future research include better modeling of market structure, the linkages between sectors and the complementarities between different modes of supplying services.

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The EU Offer of Service Trade Liberalization in the Doha Round: Evidence of a Not-Yet-Perfect Customs Union*

Cited by 24 publications

References 3 publications

Services Trade and Policy

Services Trade and Policy

Trade Effects of the European Union's Service Directive: Contrastingex anteEstimates with Empirical Evidence

CGE Modeling of Market Access in Services

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