The EU and China in African Authoritarian Regimes

Abstract

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Development Policy under Fire? The Politicization of European External Relations*

“…In doing so, we also conceptualize the relations between development policy and other external policy domains. Although there is a rich literature on policy nexuses, most notably with regard to the development–security nexus (Furness and Gänzle, 2016; Hout, 2010; Youngs, 2008); the development–migration nexus (Chou, 2006; Lavenex and Kunz, 2008; Schöfberger, 2019); the development–democracy nexus (Crawford, 2000; del Biondo and Orbie, 2014; Hackenesch, 2018); or the development–trade nexus (Carbone and Orbie, 2014; Elgström, 2009; Young and Peterson, 2013), this literature is relatively light in theorizing, a finding that also holds for research on European development policy more broadly (Delputte and Orbie, 2018, p. 292‐293). The concept of horizontal politicization also allows us to look at these dynamics in a more open‐ended way and to take into consideration reverse dynamics where, for instance, development policy influences trade, security or international climate policy.…”

Democratic Backsliding in Africa?

“…Second, the rise of China, both as a powerful economic actor and as an alternative political model, has undermined the political influence of the West in the region and reduced its willingness to promote political reform as well as the effectiveness of efforts to do so. Increasingly, China is competing with Western actors for political influence in Africa (Hackenesch, 2018;Hess and Aido, 2019). Even as Western aid has stagnated, China has emerged as a significant economic actor in the region, with substantial investments, aid, and trade deals.…”

The patterns of Chinese authoritarian patronage and implications for foreign policy: Lessons from Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Cambodia

“…The recipient countries were selected based on several criteria. First, given that the majority of research on the international dimension of autocracy promotion has been based on European, Latin American or African cases (Hackenesch, 2018), there is a need to include cases from other regions such as Asia. Second, the selected countries experienced external support for authoritarianism from China.…”