The etiology of oxidative stress in the various species of animals, a review

Abstract

Oxidative stress is the consequence of an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants leading to cell damage and tissue injury. The exhaustion of antioxidant systems is one of the reasons for the occurrence of oxidative stress, which results in avalanche production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. High oxidative stress is common in organs and tissues with high metabolic and energy demands, including skeletal and heart muscle, liver and blood cells. Stress arises in animals in response to unavoidable or adverse environmental conditions. In the external environment, which affects the body of the cow, there are four main groups of stressors: physical, chemical, biological and psychological. Physical stressors include fluctuations in ambient temperature as well as mechanical injuries. High ambient temperature is one of the factors affecting the productivity of cows. Biological stressors are conditioned by errors and irregularities in habits. Both of these phenomena have an adverse impact on both the resistance of animals and fertility and are the etiological agent of oxidative stress. Various mechanisms may be responsible for metal-induced oxidative stress: direct or indirect generation of ROS, depletion of glutathione and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes are well known for all redox-active and redox-inactive metals.

Low dietary levels of Al, Pb and Cd may affect the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera)

“…Consequently, since foraging bees are exposed to metals contained in pollen or nectar and are known to accumulate them, this species is considered a potential bioindicator (Perugini et al, 2011;Van Der Steen et al, 2012). So far, it is known that metals may induce oxidative stress, i.e., imbalance between the level of pro-oxidant species and antioxidative defense, resulting in lipid peroxidation (Puppel et al, 2014) as observed in Caddisfly larvae Hydropsyche exocellata (Barata et al, 2005) exposed to Cd. The latent long-term exposure of bees to metals deserves further investigation.…”

Effect of supplementation of cows diet with linseed and fish oil and different variants of β‐lactoglobulin on fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk

“…The exhaustion of antioxidant systems is one of the reasons for the occurrence of oxidative stress, which results in avalanche production of reactive oxygen or free radicals. High oxidative stress is common in organs and tissues with high metabolic and energy demands, including skeletal and heart muscle, liver and blood cells . Milk composition can be altered by the feeding regime .…”

“…High oxidative stress is common in organs and tissues with high metabolic and energy demands, including skeletal and heart muscle, liver and blood cells. 5 Milk composition can be altered by the feeding regime. 6 -13 Antioxidants can be transferred either directly from the feed to the milk, 14 or indirectly, diet supplements cows' milk.…”

Treatment of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head using porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposites to suppress reactive oxygen species

“…However, although numerous hypotheses for the pathogenesis of this disease, including lipid metabolism disorder, intravascular coagulation, microvascular injury, and intraosseous hypertension5678, have been proposed, the exact mechanism of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) still remains unclear. Yet, among all the risk factors reported, oxidative stress disorders may be one of the most common one participated9, which may benefit more when intervened.…”