THE ETIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN INFANCY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENTEROPATHOGENIC <i>E. COLI</i>

Cramblett, Henry G.; Azimi, Parvin H.; Haynes, Ralph E.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb34995.x

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In the past, a specific etiology has not been detected in the majority of cases of gastroenteritis in children. Although there is some variation depending on location and time of year, in most published studies a bacterial pathogen was found in only 15%-35% of patients [14][15][16]. The etiologic role of common viruses in gastroenteritis has remained questionable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenteritis in Children: A Two-Year Review in Manitoba. I. Etiology

Gurwith

Williams

1977

Journal of Infectious Diseases

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During two years, 1,217 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis at the Children's Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada were studied. Bacterial pathogens were present in 25% of these children: enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 120, Shigella in 139, Salmonella in 24, and multiple pathogens in 18. Rotavirus was detected in 54 (11%) of 472 patients examined. Rotavirus and enteropathogenic E. coli were the most common pathogens in infants, and Shigella was the most common in older children. Bacterial diarrhea occurred more commonly in summer, whereas rotavirus infection occurred more commonly in winter. Among 276 children screened, enterotoxigenic E. coli was found in three, and Aeromonas shigelloides that produced a similar toxin in two others. Enteroinvasive E. coli was not detected in 70 children. Organisms producing toxins "cytotoxic" to HeLa cells were isolated from three of 90 children. Screening for enterotoxigenic or enteroinvasive organisms was not productive of a significant number of pathogens, and, although screening for rotavirus did improve the number of etiologic diagnoses, the etiology of the majority of cases of diarrhea remained unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenteritis in Children: A Two-Year Review in Manitoba. I. Etiology

Gurwith

Williams

1977

Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…In 1943, Light and Hodes produced diarrhea in calves inoculated with fecal filtrates from infants with diarrhea, 3 but these agents could not be adapted to cell culture. Numerous later studies isolated known viruses from feces from patients with or without diarrhea, but none could be implicated as etiologic agents of diarrhea 4 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous later studies isolated known viruses from feces from patients with or without diarrhea, but none could be implicated as etiologic agents of diarrhea. 4 In 1965, Dr Alan Ferris 5 published a retrospective study of hospital and laboratory records of all patients admitted to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, with a diagnosis of primary gastroenteritis. Results were analyzed in relation to the month of admission, age, and occurrence of known enteric pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for Child health

Bishop

2009

J of Gastro and Hepatol

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For centuries, acute diarrhea has been a major worldwide cause of death in young children, and until 1973, no infectious agents could be identified in about 80% of patients admitted to hospital with severe dehydrating diarrhea. In 1973 Ruth Bishop, Geoffrey Davidson, Ian Holmes, and Brian Ruck identified abundant particles of a ‘new’ virus (rotavirus) in the cytoplasm of mature epithelial cells lining duodenal villi and in feces, from such children admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Rotaviruses have now been shown to cause 40–50% of severe acute diarrhea in young children worldwide in both developing and developed countries, and > 600 000 young children die annually from rotavirus disease, predominantly in South‐East Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. Longitudinal surveillance studies following primary infection in young children have shown that rotavirus reinfections are common. However the immune response that develops after primary infection is protective against severe symptoms on reinfection. This observation became the basis for development of live oral rotavirus vaccines. Two safe and effective vaccines are now licensed in 100 countries and in use in 17 countries (including Australia). Rotarix (GSK) is a single attenuated human rotavirus, representative of the most common serotype identified worldwide (G1P[8]). RotaTeq (Merck) is a pentavalent mixture of naturally attenuated bovine/human rotavirus reassortants representing G1, G2, G3, G4, and P(8) serotypes. Preliminary surveillance of the numbers of children requiring hospitalization for severe diarrhea, in USA, Brazil, and Australia, after introduction of these vaccines, encourages the hope that rotavirus infection need no longer be a threat to young children worldwide.

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“…In young children, gastroenteritis or "infantile diarrhoea" is frequently a serious disease requiring hospital treatment to correct dehydration. Despite intensive studies, aetiologic agents such as pathogenic enteric bacteria or protozoa can be incriminated in only a minority of cases (8). We have recently observed a new virus in duodenal mucosa (6) and fecal extracts (7,10) from a high proportion of young children hospitalized in Melbourne with acute gastroenteritis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Infantile enteritis viruses: morphogenesis and morphology

Holmes¹,

Ruck²,

Bishop³

et al. 1975

J Virol

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A new virus was found to be associated with acute gastroenteritis in children. In duodenal biopsies, it was observed infecting only intestinal epithelial cells, and it resembled orbiviruses in its morphogenesis. For diagnostic purposes the virus was readily demonstrated by negative staining of fecal extracts. Two forms of particles were seen: double-shelled particles (70 to 75 nm in diameter) resembling those of reovirus but with a sharper outline, and single-shelled particles (60 nm in diameter) with obvious capsomer structure and resembling those of orbiviruses. The morphological resemblance of this human virus to the viruses of "Nebraska" calf scours and epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice is emphasized.

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THE ETIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN INFANCY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI

Cited by 30 publications

References 30 publications

Gastroenteritis in Children: A Two-Year Review in Manitoba. I. Etiology

Gastroenteritis in Children: A Two-Year Review in Manitoba. I. Etiology

Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for Child health

Infantile enteritis viruses: morphogenesis and morphology

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