The Etiology of Breast Cancer

Admoun, Claudia; Mayrovitz, Harvey N.

doi:10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-etiology

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Both smoking and overweight are known risk factors for breast cancer [61,62]. In our cohort, the mean BMI for all groups fell into the overweight range, and there were no significant differences between groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Circulating microRNA Biomarker for Detecting Breast Cancer in High-Risk Benign Breast Tumors

Khadka

Nasu

Deng

et al. 2023

IJMS

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High-risk benign breast tumors are known to develop breast cancer at high rates. However, it is still controversial whether they should be removed during diagnosis or followed up until cancer development becomes evident. Therefore, this study sought to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) that could serve as detection markers of cancers arising from high-risk benign tumors. Small RNA-seq was performed using plasma samples collected from patients with early-stage breast cancer (CA) and high-risk (HB), moderate-risk (MB), and no-risk (Be) benign breast tumors. Proteomic profiling of CA and HB plasma was performed to investigate the underlying functions of the identified miRNAs. Our findings revealed that four miRNAs, hsa-mir-128-3p, hsa-mir-421, hsa-mir-130b-5p, and hsa-mir-28-5p, were differentially expressed in CA vs. HB and had diagnostic power to discriminate CA from HB with AUC scores greater than 0.7. Enriched pathways based on the target genes of these miRNAs indicated their association with IGF-1. Furthermore, the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis performed on the proteomic data revealed that the IGF-1 signaling pathway was significantly enriched in CA vs. HB. In conclusion, these findings suggest that these miRNAs could potentially serve as biomarkers for detecting early-stage breast cancer from high-risk benign tumors by monitoring IGF signaling-induced malignant transformation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Circulating microRNA Biomarker for Detecting Breast Cancer in High-Risk Benign Breast Tumors

Khadka

Nasu

Deng

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…The high incidence of breast cancer in Iraq can be attributed to many factors, such as limited awareness and education about the disease, limited access to screening and early detection services, and inadequate treatment options. Breast cancer can arise from a complex interplay of multiple risk factors, including heritable components, such as a family history of the disease, as well as environmental and lifestyle factors, such as obesity, smoking, sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption, and hormonal therapy 24 . As a crucial step towards decreasing the number of cases and mortality rates of breast cancer, the present study aimed to develop a simple, cost-effective and rapid molecular method for identifying individuals at risk of developing breast cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a T-ARMS-PCR Assay for Detecting Genetic Polymorphism in the Catalase (rs7943316) Gene in the Iraqi Population with Breast Cancer

Hoidy

2023

Preprint

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Numerous investigations have demonstrated that oxidative stress is markedly increased in breast cancer patients compared to their healthy counterparts. Catalase (CAT), a crucial antioxidant enzyme, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding cells against oxidative damage initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The CAT (rs7943316) gene encodes catalase, and certain genetic variations in this gene have been observed to modify catalase activity and levels. Such changes can lead to an altered response to oxidative stress, potentially increasing the risk of breast cancer. In light of this, a novel tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system (T-ARMS)-PCR assay was developed to investigate the possible correlation between the CAT (rs7943316) gene polymorphism and the development of breast cancer in patients. This study introduces a simple primer design method called T-ARMS for identifying the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CAT (rs7943316) gene. This method employs a one-step PCR, which is faster, more cost-effective, and more precise than existing techniques. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the accuracy of our findings. The T-ARMS-PCR assay revealed a significant association between the A/T allele of the CAT (rs7943316) gene and breast cancer. Specifically, individuals with the TT genotype had a higher risk of developing breast cancer than those with the AA genotype. The T allele frequency was greater among breast cancer patients than in the control group, and genotype frequencies were consistent with the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. This study is the first to showcase a rapid, cost-effective, and high-throughput method for detecting the SNP in the CAT (rs7943316) gene. This method has the potential to be employed in large-scale clinical trials.

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“…[115] The etiology of breast cancer is attributed to a complex interaction between genetics, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors and potential risk considerations including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, late menopause, positive family history, and hormone therapy. [116] Regarding the vaccines produced in microalgae, Hernández-Ramírez et al [24] designed a vaccine candidate composed of epitopes from several TAAs (HER2, WT1, MUC1, and MAM-A). The multiepitopic protein, called BCB, was produced in Schizochytrium sp.…”

Section: Breast Cancer Microalgal-made Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgae‐made human vaccines and therapeutics: A decade of advances

Trujillo,

Monreal‐Escalante,

Angulo

2024

Biotechnology Journal

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Microalgal emergence is a promising platform with two‐decade historical background for producing vaccines and biopharmaceuticals. During that period, microalgal‐based vaccines have reported successful production for various diseases. Thus, species selection is important for genetic transformation and delivery methods that have been developed. Although many vaccine prototypes have been produced for infectious and non‐infectious diseases, fewer studies have reached immunological and immunoprotective evaluations. Microalgae‐made vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus, malaria, influenza, human papilloma, and Zika viruses have been explored in their capacity to induce humoral or cellular immune responses and protective efficacies against experimental challenges. Therefore, specific pathogen antigens and immune system role are important and addressed in controlling these infections. Regarding non‐communicable diseases, these vaccines have been investigated for breast cancer; microalgal‐produced therapeutic molecules and microalgal‐made interferon‐α have been explored for hypertension and potential applications in treating viral infections and cancer, respectively. Thus, conducting immunological trials is emphasized, discussing the promising results observed in terms of immunogenicity, desired immune response for controlling affections, and challenges for achieving the desired protection levels. The potential advantages and hurdles associated with this innovative approach are highlighted, underlining the relevance of assessing immune responses in preclinical and clinical trials to validate the efficacy of these biopharmaceuticals. The promising future of this healthcare technology is also envisaged.

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The Etiology of Breast Cancer

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Circulating microRNA Biomarker for Detecting Breast Cancer in High-Risk Benign Breast Tumors

Circulating microRNA Biomarker for Detecting Breast Cancer in High-Risk Benign Breast Tumors

Development of a T-ARMS-PCR Assay for Detecting Genetic Polymorphism in the Catalase (rs7943316) Gene in the Iraqi Population with Breast Cancer

Microalgae‐made human vaccines and therapeutics: A decade of advances

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