The Ethical Turn on the Sports Field

Abstract

The assumption of sports being a natural and fair competition area has been challenged by scholars and athlete-activists in the last decades. This article, focusing on three periods in the history of -the agones in Ancient Greece, the birth and early development of modern sports, and contemporary sports relation-offers a brief historical analysis of how fairness has been conceptualized in different ways throughout the centuries. By doing that, it sheds light on the changes in the (self-)making of sporting moral subject over time. Drawing upon the broader anthropological debates which problematize the objectivity and neutrality claims of ethics, the article calls for a non-normative and contextualized approach to ethics within the sports field so that we may reach a better understanding of how sporting moral subjects navigate, negotiate, and challenge the existing ethical codes of behavior in modern sports. ÖzSporun doğal ve adil bir rekabet alanı olduğu varsayımı, son yıllarda aktivist sporcular ve sosyal bilimciler tarafından sorgulanmıştır. Bu makale, Antik Yunan'daki yarışmalara (agon), modern sporun başlangıcına ve günümüz spor ilişkilerine odaklanarak sporcu etik öznenin (öz-)inşasında zaman içerisinde yaşanan dönüşümlere ışık tutmaktadır. Etiğin nesnellik ve tarafsızlık iddialarını sorunsallaştıran antropolojik tartışmalardan yararlanan makale, spor ve etik ilişkisine normatif olmayan ve bağlamı dikkate alan bir yaklaşım çağrısında bulunmaktadır. Bu sayede, sporcu etik öznenin modern sporda var olan etik davranış kodlarıyla ne tür müzakereler ve meydan okumalar yoluyla ilişkilendiğine dair kavrayışımızı geliştirebileceğimiz savunulmaktadır.

Strategic Status of Technology Management and Enterprises for the Technology Adoption Lifecycle

“…In ancient times, people whose motivations were very different from what they are today and who lived in an organized way have some kind of management understanding. It is known that the ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations had their own political and administrative practices, as well as organizations that could implement roads, dams, majestic structures, monuments and accounting records (Aktan, 2003). The theory of the source of powers, the effects of mechanization ADAM SMITH 1776 AD He emphasized the importance of division of labor and specialization for the Wealth of Nations.…”