The Ethical Progression of the Philosopher in Al-Rāzī and Al-Fārābī

Abstract

Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (d. 925) and al-Fārābī (d. 950) both adopt the classical ideal of a philosophical way of life in the sense that being a philosopher implies certain ethical guidelines to which the philosopher should adhere. In both cases, moreover, their ethical writings appear to reflect a certain tension with respect to what the ethical goal of the philosopher consists of. In this study, I will argue that this apparent tension is relieved when their ethics is understood as a progression in a double sense. In the first sense, both authors adopt the Neoplatonic distinction between pre-philosophical and philosophical ethics. The second aspect of the progression takes place within the degree of virtue required of the philosopher, which for al-Rāzī and al-Fārābī proceeds in contrary directions. For al-Rāzī, the philosopher progresses from the moderately ascetic requirements ofSpiritual Medicineto the higher license present inPhilosophical Life, following the stages of the life of Socrates. In contrast, for al-Fārābī the progression follows roughly along the Neoplatonic grades of virtue from Aristotelian moderation, which inExhortation to the Way to Happinessis connected with character training in a pre-philosophical sense, towards purely contemplative existence.

Normal Galaxies in the Infrared

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Konsep Jiwa, Kesehatan Mental dan Psikoterapi Ibn Zakaria Al-Razi

“…Demikianlah alasan pentingnya fokus spesifik perawatan psikoterapi dalam meneguhkan urgensi kesehatan mental. Kehadiran ahli psikiatri yang luar biasa dalam peradaban Islam, seperti Ibn Zakaria Al-Razi, merupakan figur yang brilian pada abad pertengahan (Mattila, 2017). Al-Razi adalah figur pionir dalam riset disiplin kesehatan mental dengan menggagas integrasi penilaian keseimbangan aspek fisiologis dan psikologis dalam praktik medisnya (Istianah, 2020).…”

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Trends on Different Philosophical Aspects of Al-Fārābī Between 2000 to 2023

“…Arabic Sciences and Philosophy is the rst according to number of documents, citations, and link strength with cite score 0.8. This journal published articles about Al-Fārābī's thought (e.gMattila, 2017;Mensia, 2017). In addition to this journal, Oriens is also active, and 9 papers were published in this journal (e.g Amin, 2020; Laywine, 2023).…”